دانلود کتاب ITF Round Tables No. 138 Biofuels: Linking Support to Performance (Itf Round Tables)

Biofuels received USD 15 billion in subsidies in OECD Member countries in 2007, but did they deliver benefits in terms of climate change or oil security? Present policies make no link between support for biofuels and their environmental performance, and biofuels do not all perform equally well. In fact, much of the current ethanol and biodiesel production may result in higher overall emissions of greenhouse gases than using conventional transport fuels - gasoline and diesel. The papers published in this report examine the economics of biofuels and assess the potential of conventional biofuel production in OECD countries, Brazilian ethanol exports and some second generation biofuels to supply world markets with transport fuels. ThIs Round Table analyses the critical issues for governments in determining support for biofuels, particularly the level of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life-cycle of these fuels and the wider environmental impacts of farming biomass. It also reviews recent progress in developing certification systems for biofuels an essential  tool for tying support  to achievement in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, although certification cannot be expected to prevent rainforest destruction for the  development of  biofuel crop plantations. The report concludes with a short list of recommendations for policy reform if support for biofuels is to contribute effectively to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.Table of Content :SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS-1. Conclusions and Messages for Policy Makers-2. Introduction-3. Energy and Greenhouse Gas Impacts-4. Subsidies, Cost-Effectiveness of Support to Biofuels and Indirect Economic Impacts-5. Second Generation Fuels - Performance and Potential-6. Potential for Brazilian Ethanol Exports-7. Certification - The Potential for Linking Support to Performance-8. Outlook for Biofuels ProductionINTRODUCTORY REPORTS-Energy and Greenhouse Impacts of Biofuels: A Framework for Analysis by daniel M. Kammen and Alexander farrell et al-Subsidies: The Distorted Economics of Biofuels by Ronald Steenblik-Sustainable Biofuels for the Transport Sector by Birgitte Ahring-The Performance of Brazilian Biofuels: An Economic, Environmental and Social Analysis by Edmar de Almeida-The Environmental Certification of Biofuels by Jeremy Woods and Rocio Diaz-ChavezLIST OF PARTICIPANTS