دانلود کتاب The Exercise Effect on Mental Health: Neurobiological Mechanisms

The Exercise Effect on Mental Health contains the most recent and thorough overview of the links between exercise and mental health, and the underlying mechanisms of the brain. The text will enhance interested clinicians’ and researchers’ understanding of the neurobiological effect of exercise on mental health. Editors Budde and Wegner have compiled a comprehensive review of the ways in which physical activity impacts the neurobiological mechanisms of the most common psychological and psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. This text presents a rigorously evidence-based case for exercise as an inexpensive, time-saving, and highly effective treatment for those suffering from mental illness and distress.
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The body– mind connection has recaptured scientific interest in recent years
with more than a dozen academic books, several special issues in journals (e.g.
Neural Plasticity, CNS and Neurological Disorders – Drug Targets) and even
one international impact- factored journal (Mental Health and Physical Activity,
first issue 2008) entirely dedicated to this topic. The number of manuscripts
published on the topic in peer- reviewed journals has increased from 10 in
1990, to about 60 in 2000, to over 700 in 2017, based on a raw search on
PubMed using the words “exercise” and “mental health”. This reflects the
growth in interest available through just this one search engine. It is agreed
that mental health is not just the absence of mental disorders. Mental health
means mental functioning and has a physiological base. It is interconnected
with physical and social functioning as well as with health outcomes (World
Health Organization 2001). This definition of mental health also includes
concepts like subjective well- being, self- efficacy, autonomy, competence,
intergenerational dependence, and being able to utilize one’s intellectual (e.g.
cognitive functioning) and emotional potential (e.g. absence of depression
and anxiety), and ensures social functioning (World Health Organization,
2001, 2004) and life satisfaction (Gauvin & Spence 1996). This book focuses
on several aspects included in mental health. Physical activity refers to body
movement that leads to energy expenditure and is initiated by skeletal muscles
(Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson 1985; Budde et al. 2016). Exercise has
been previously defined as a disturbance of homeostasis through muscle
activity resulting in movement and increased energy expenditure (Scheuer
& Tipton 1977). The critical difference between both terms refers to the
planned and structured nature of exercise (Caspersen et al. 1985).

The pandemic nature of mental health problems like anxiety and depression
(see Chapter 1 by Kohn in this book) in combination with the costs
and time associated with cognitive psychotherapy, as well as the potential
side effects of various drugs used in the treatment of such diseases, stipulate
the search for a potent cure. Provided with positive attributes, exercise or
PA could be the treatment of choice if it could be found to be effective and
applicable in treating as well as preventing mental diseases. Previous research
has strongly suggested that exercise or PA benefit different areas of mental
health (Taylor, Sallis, & Needle 1985; Hughes 1984) including depression,
anxiety, cognitive functioning, and psychological well- being in adults as well
as in the elderly (Gauvin & Spence 1996; Hillman, Erickson, & Kramer 2008;
Wegner, Helmich, Machado Arias- Carrión, and Budde 2014) and in children
and adolescents (Lagerberg, 2005; Donaldson and Ronan 2006; Biddle and
Asare 2011; Sibley and Etnier 2003). However, the effectiveness of exercise
or PA as a mental health intervention is not universally acknowledged
nor perfectly understood. Still little is known about the exercise– mental
health relationship regarding physiological mechanisms. Future studies are
strongly needed that more closely investigate the underlying neurobiological
mechanisms. However, for various reasons, researchers and practitioners in
medicine, psychology, and public health remain either uninformed or unconvinced
about the potential of this intervention to promote mental health
(Ekkekakis 2013). Some of these reasons may be due to concerns about the
methodological accuracy of the studies. Distinguishing between good and
poor methodology paired with suggestions for future studies is a topic that
runs like a continuous thread through the book. Additionally, mostly due
to inexperience, practitioners find it hard to “subscribe” exercise (e.g. in an
in- patient setting for majorly depressive individuals) as an effective treatment.
To this end, the present book is an attempt to give a state- of- the- art overview
of the topic and the editors hope that it will encourage more collaboration
between researchers and practitioners to further utilize exercise and PA as
effective means to support mental health.

Along with Biddle, Fox, Boutcher, and Faulkner (2000) there are five
reasons why physical activity may be a very effective strategy to promote
mental health. One is that physical activity is potentially cost effective – it is
relatively inexpensive to deliver as an intervention and to participate in. Second
and third, in contrast to pharmacological interventions, physical activity is
associated with minimal adverse side- effects but it has the potential to simultaneously
improve physical health and well- being. Fourth, physical activity can
be indefinitely sustained by the individual unlike pharmacological and psychotherapeutic
treatments, which often have a specified end- point. Finally, many
other non- drug treatments (such as cognitive behavioral therapy) are expensive
and therefore often in short supply.

The idea behind this book is to foster the understanding of the link
between mental health and exercise or physical activity in a potentially broad
field from neuroscience across many different dimensions of mental health and
psychological well- being. In this book we have drawn together researchers
from different disciplines, e.g. brain science, cognitive psychology, neuroscience,
exercise science as well as psychophysiology to present a state- of- the- art
summary of what is known about exercise/ PA and mental health. However,
the explaining mechanisms underlying the effects of regular physical activity
and exercise on the different facets of mental health are not completely understood
up to now.

In Section 1, the authors discuss the mechanisms behind the benefits of
exercise as a theoretical introduction. Robert Kohn starts this section by
giving a detailed epidemiological overview of the occurrence of common
mental disorders including, for example, the prevalence and incidence of
mental disorders, sociodemographic risk factors, the comorbidity and the
financial burden for the society. Following, Terry McMorris and Jo Corbett
present existing evidence for neurobiological mechanisms behind the benefits
of exercise for mental health. The purpose of their chapter is to outline the
neurobiological changes induced by acute and chronic exercise, which are
thought to influence depression, anxiety, and psychological well- being. In
their chapter entitled “Causality in the associations between exercise, personality,
and mental health,” Marleen De Moor and Eco de Geus show that part
of the same set of genetic factors that influence whether people participate
in regular exercise also affect mental health outcomes. Based on a review of
published evidence they further conclude that, in the population at large, the
association between exercise participation and higher levels of life satisfaction
and happiness and lower levels of anxiety and depression is not causal. The
authors include evidence that immunomodulation is a biological mechanism
responsible for the anti- inflammatory effects of regular exercise. Aderbal Silva
Aguiar, Jr. and Alexandra Latini are taking a very close look at an immune perspective
when talking about treating depression with exercise.

The focus of Section 2 are age- related effects of exercise on mental health
which will start out with a chapter on the younger age group by Mirko Wegner
and Henning Budde. This chapter aims to illustrate how physical activity and
exercise benefit different areas of mental health in children and adolescents
including their general well- being, reductions in depression and anxiety, and
benefits to cognitive functioning. Exercise may positively affect well- being
through different neurobiological mechanisms which are highlighted for this
age group of children and adolescents. The second chapter of this section
is a contribution by Inna Bragina, Claudia Niemann, and Claudia Voelcker-
Rehage and focuses on the exercise effect on mental health in older adults.
The authors provide insights on how PA and exercise interact with cognitive
functioning and psychological well- being in older adults. They include
research on healthy aging of cognitive functions and the brain, on cognitive
and neuronal plasticity, dementia and mild cognitive impairment, on how
physical activity can prevent or postpone mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
and dementia, and support psychological well- being, self- efficacy, and selfesteem.

They further show how diseases like dementia, depression, and anxiety
interact and explain the underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
Section 3 of this book is dedicated to the exercise effects on cognition and
motor learning. It starts with David Moreau, who stresses a possible impact
of physical exercise on cognitive enhancement with a summary of recent work
in this field. He presents new experimental evidence for integrated activities
combining physical and cognitive demands with applications in the classroom.
Nico Lehmann and Marco Taubert then talk about exercise- induced improvement
in motor learning. They review physical (endurance) exercise as a new
approach to enhance motor skill learning through facilitation of the underlying
neurobiological processes. Megan Herting finishes this third section
with a review of research on exercise and learning. In her chapter she reviews
some basic concepts of the ways in which we learn (and remember) information
before she dives into the established associations between exercise and
these cognitive abilities as well as the underlying neurobiology.

The effects of sport and exercise on emotions and psychological diseases is
the topic in Section 4. The first chapter by Adrian Taylor and Tom Thompson
focuses on exercise in the prevention, treatment, and management of addictive
substance use. The chapter begins with identifying the prevalence of addictions,
and the implications for health and society. They then briefly identify the scope
and extent of evidence for the effectiveness of current treatment options.
Following, they turn to summarizing the evidence (and quality/ risk of bias)
of the chronic and acute effects of physical activity on different addictive
behaviors. Finally, they consider the possible mechanisms for how PA has an
impact on addictions and they further identify future research questions and
discuss the practical implications. Attila Szabo, Zsolt Demetrovics and Mark
D. Griffiths in their chapter more closely examine morbid exercise behavior
and discuss exaggerated exercise behavior from the perspective of behavioral
addictions. The chapter is followed by a chapter by Davy Vancampfort, Simon
Rosenbaum, Michel Probst and Brendon Stubbs who provide new insights to
the benefits of aerobic exercise for people with schizophrenia. Their chapter
has two aims, the first is to provide a systematic overview of intervention
characteristics, exercise outcomes and motivational skills used in recent (i.e.
last decade) randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of aerobic
exercise in schizophrenia. The second aim is to provide evidence- based clinical
and research recommendations regarding the prescription of exercise in
schizophrenia. Jennifer Mumm, Sophie Bischoff, and Andreas Ströhle review
the links between exercise on anxiety disorders. They focus on the effect of
different kinds of exercise or PA typically investigated in research on various
forms of anxiety. They also discuss psychological and biological mechanisms
of exercise on anxiety. The chapter by Lorna McWilliams is entitled “Exercise
and ADHD: Implications for treatment.” The author outlines the research
surrounding the promising use of physical activity as a treatment for the disorder,
particularly in the aid of development of executive functions. Nanette
Mutrie, Katie Richards, Stephen Lawrie, and Gillian Mead’s topic is: Can
physical activity prevent or treat clinical depression? In this chapter the authors
explore the role of physical activity for the prevention and treatment of depression.
They discuss in depth the possible neurobiological mechanisms by which
exercise might benefit depression. Finally, they point out various guidelines
about the role of physical activity that mental health professionals might find
useful.

The final section of the book binds chapters dealing with research
implications for the health sector and for schools. Brandon L. Alderman and
Ryan L. Olson begin the section by summarizing the available evidence on
mode and dose- response relationships of exercise on anxiety, depression,
and cognitive functioning. Steven J. Petruzzello, Dan Greene, Annmarie
Chizewski, Kathryn Rougeau, and Tina Greenlee provide an overview of acute
and chronic effects of exercise on important mental health outcomes. In addition,
they provide important implications for health care practitioners. Viviane
Grassmann, George Mammen, and Guy Faulkner raise the question: Can
physical activity prevent mental illness? The focus of their section is to explore
whether physical activity may also serve a role in preventing mental disorders –
in particular dementia and depression.

The inter- disciplinary research on the link between exercise and mental
health represented in this edition is an exciting and vibrant field of research
in which scholars from different areas meet and produce findings that have
strong effects on different domains of society. Our hope is that the interested
reader finds the most recent and in- depth overviews on different aspects of
the exercise- mental health links including references to underlying neurobiological
mechanisms. We are looking forward to seeing more researchers and
practitioners working cooperatively to utilize exercise and physical activity in
the applied setting. Finally, we hope that the contributions to this edition
encourages researchers to further explore the field and contribute health and
well- being for future generations.

Henning Budde and Mirko Wegner
Am Wriezener Bahnhof Berlin, January 2018