دانلود کتاب ETHNOGRAPHY OF PROTECTED AREAS

The European history of protected areas may have been different, but it serves as an example of the paradigm exported around the world. Kings and the Church invented justifica­tions for the exclusive exploitation of hunting resorts, and other forms of eclosure. Peasants fought to regain pre­ vious rights for public use of these areas. Robin Hood is best known example of such struggles.
In the 20th century, European parks were implicated in the depopulation of rural, mostly mountain areas. Conflict of interest was internal in the sense that they all felt a part of the same (national) community. Outside Europe, migration generally fol­lowed the establishing of parks and not the other way around.
Pressure on natural resources has been increasing ever since the beginning of man and the centralisation of large-scale societies, but western industrial society has made nature even more instrumental. It is obvious that it was not (only) ecological awareness that forced the nation states and interna­tional community (IUCN) to protect nature sites. Establishing protected areas was simultaniously important for the develop­ment of the (eco-) timber industry, medicine, tourism, etc. Protected areas can be seen as an economic category within the framework of national and international trade.
The book is divided into five sections: legislation, landscape, diversity, subsistence and management. Our intention was to emphasise the main directions in contemporary anthropological approach to nature protected areas. Legislation is a framework of the international and national community, a starting point that provokes our reactions and involvement. Landscape studies are a trend in contemporary cul­tural and social anthropology, connecting people and shaping of their living environment. Diversity is another major theme and motive of modern science, applicable both to natural and cultural pole. The sub­sistence puts local survival strategies of »Stakeholders« in the forefront. And finally management, a subject almost unavoidable in growth-oriented societies.