دانلود کتاب Eremitic reform at fifteenth-century Montserrat, 1472-1497

Between 1472 and 1497, the hermitage of Santa Maria de Montserrat underwent a series of reforms led by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere and King Fernando II de Aragon. The hermits greeted these reforms with resistance, seeing the reformers' efforts as an infringement on their traditional constitutions and devotional practices. In particular, the hermits rebelled against the notion that the Monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat had the right to dictate the internal affairs of the community by placing them under the religious movement of Observantinism. As a result, the king, cardinal, and hermits engaged in a constitutional battle balancing the rights of the hermits and the rights of the monks, ultimately leading to the incorporation of the eremitic community into the monastery. The reformers, in their efforts to maintain peace, implemented an educational reform among the hermits to mollify the hermits' concerns and educate them in Observantinism. To this end, the reformers Bernat Boyl and Garcia Jimenez de Cisneros introduced Isaac of Nineveh's De religione as a guide to the anchoritic life. Isaac of Nineveh, however, became a substitute for the reformers' authority, displacing the reform onto a venerated abba and not the monks of Montserrat. Both Boyl and Jimenez de Cisneros saw bilingual manuscripts and printed editions, in addition to their format and decoration, as a textual source to create a unified religious community based upon the common reading of a uniform text.