دانلود کتاب Coins and Coinage in Viking-Age Norway: The Establishment of a National Coinage in Norway in the XI Century, with a Survey of the Preceding Currency History

This study is concerned with the currency history of Norway up to c. 1100. Using the preserved coins and coin hoards as a starting point, I have attempted to study the occurrence and function of coins in Norway before 1100. Thus, I do not discuss the reasons for the import of foreign coins into the country. I have gone right back to the oldest proven occurrence of coins in Norway, partly for the sake of completeness and partly because the coins in question, Roman denarii, occasionally turn up in Scandinavian hoards from the late Viking Age, and this is the period upon which my attention is focused. The late Viking Age saw a great increase in the occurrence and circulation of foreign silver coins in Norway and it was then that the first Norwegian issue was begun. The very limited output during the reigns of Olaf Tryggvason (995-1000) and Olaf Haraldsson (1015-1030) was, however, not decisive for the establishment of the coinage. The decisive stage was reached with the coinage of Harald Hardråde (1047-1066).