دانلود کتاب Origin of Symmetries

The development in our understanding of symmetry principles is reviewed. Many symmetries, such as charge conjugation, parity and strangeness, are no longer considered as fundamental but as natural consequences of a gauge field theory of strong and electromagnetic interactions. Other symmetries arise naturally from physical models in some limiting situation, such as for low energy or low mass. Random dynamics and attempts to explain all symmetries - even Lorentz invariance and gauge invariance - without appealing to any fundamental invariance of the laws of nature are discussed.

PREFACE; CONTENTS; ORIGIN of SYMMETRIES; Chapter I INTRODUCTION; References; Chapter II SYMMETRIES FROM NON-RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS; References; Chapter III SYMMETRIES FROM THE STANDARD MODEL; 3.1. The Standard Model; 3.2. Symmetries of the Strong and Electromagnetic Interactions; References; Chapter IV BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL; 4.1. Grand Unification; 4.2. Hidden Local Symmetry and Dynamical Gauge Bosons in Non-Linear Sigma Models; 4.3. Hidden Symmetries in N = 8 Supergravity; 4.4. Kaluza-Klein Theories; 4.5. Anomaly Cancellation; 4.6. Strings. 4.6.1. The Heterotic String and Kac-Moody Algebras4.6.2. Gauge Symmetry from Strings; References; Chapter V THE CPT THEOREM; References; Chapter VI THE FUNDAMENTAL SYMMETRIES; 6.1. Introduction; 6.2. Poincare Invariance; 6.2.1. Formal appearance of Poincare invariance; 6.2.2. Lorentz invariance from the renormalisation group; 6.2.3. Translational invariance from dimensional analysis; 6.2.4. Lorentz invariance from string theory; 6.3. Local Gauge Invariance; 6.3.1. Formal appearance of gauge symmetry; 6.3.2. Gauge symmetry from the renormalisation group; 6.4. Supersymmetry; References. Chapter VII CONCLUSION7.1. Conclusion on the Origin of Symmetries; 7.2. Random Dynamics; 7.2.1. Baby universe theory suggesting random dynamics; 7.2.2. The first steps in random dynamics; A. Quantum Mechanics; B. 3 + 1 Dimensions of Space-Time; C. Locality; 7.2.3. Field theory glass and gauge glass; 7.2.4. Numerical predictions from random dynamics; 7.3. Classification of Symmetry Derivations; References; REPRINTED PAPERS; THE ROLE AND VALUE OF THE SYMMETRY PRINCIPLES AND EINSTEIN'S CONTRIBUTION TO THEIR RECOGNITION; A Few Words About Einstein; Three Basic Concepts of Present-day Physics. Extensions of the Area of PhysicsCircumstances in Our World Which Made the Development of Physics Possible; What Areas Remain Unexplored? Which Should Be Explored?; Einstein and the Role of Symmetry in Modern Physics; I; II; Ill; IV; References; Conceptual foundations of the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions; Zur Theorie des Wasserstoffatoms; On the Problem of Degeneracy in Quantum Mechanics; INTRODUCTION; CONTINUOUS GROUPS OF CONTACT-TRANSFORMATIONS IN CLASSICAL MECHANICS; CONTINUOUS GROUPS OF CONTACT-TRANSFORMATIONS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS; EXAMPLES. A. The hydrogenic atom (3-dimensional)B. The Kepler problem in two dimensions; C. The 2-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator; D. The n-dimensional isotropic oscillator; E. The 2-dimensional anisotropic oscillator; On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; SPIN AND UNITARY SPIN INDEPENDENCE OF STRONG INTERACTIONS; Non-Abelian Gauge Theories of the Strong Interactions; Constraints imposed by CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles; I. INTRODUCTION; II. SINGLE-FLAVOR MODEL.