دانلود کتاب Back to heterodox questions: Progress with regress through competition

Riqueza y pobreza, progresión y regresión son tipos de realidad que se suelen relacionar
en términos morales. Relaciones causales seriamente establecidas no son fáciles de encontrar. En
este artículo nos proponemos recoger literatura económica reciente que, justamente, establece
una relación de causalidad entre riqueza y pobreza. Nos referimos a la pobreza creada por los
mismos procesos que crean la riqueza. No nos referimos, sin embargo, a un mero juego de ‘suma
cero’ o a los que constituyen una redistribución directa como la que podría ser la asignación de
los tributos estatales para fines de equidad o de inequidad. Estamos destacando las consecuencias
de la competencia económica.
Las preguntas que nos interesan son conocidas. ¿Cuán fácil es hacer que “los mercados
trabajen en beneficio de los pobres? ¿Cuán conveniente es “crear mercados”? ¿Qué regulaciones
resultan convenientes para evitar los efectos negativos del progreso que resulta de esa manera de
progresar? Los materiales que presentamos no llegan a respuestas precisas pero ponen los
términos más cerca de llegar a ellas.
ABSTRACT
Wealth and poverty, progress and regress are the type of realities usually related on moral
grounds. Scientifically serious causal economic relations are not so easy to find. Moral criteria
does not require scientific proof of causality. But this search for causal links is also important to
reduce the impact of structural factors on human behavior. Probably most of the times in a
specific social structure creation of wealth implies a reduction in poverty. It is one or the other.
However, both can also be seen as independent, and should be analyzed as parts of different
processes. In that sense, it would be a question of one and de other. Finally, it is also found that,
under some circumstances, progress, accompanied with increasing wealth for some collectivities
and individuals can be analytically related to regress, and many times increasing poverty for other
groups and individuals. It is progress with regress; that is regress actively created by progress,
not just by default. The models presented below add new members to the group of theories that
have attempted an analysis of these twin features of the competitive process. In other words, how
many are regressing and become poor because they are losers, and not because they have not
played, are not or have not been in the game?
All this is important to answer seriously to questions that are not being asked in spite
of their obvious importance: How easy is to "make markets work for the poor"?, how
convenient is to "improve markets"?, or to "extend markets"? Under what conditions it is
better a market deepening? In what kinds of markets? Markets embedded in a complex set of
components of the human dimension can accept a question different from: how to regulate
the competition?