دانلود کتاب Poverty and discrimination

Content: ch. 1. Introduction -- 1. The content of this book -- 2. Recent developments in the study of poverty and discrimination -- 3. The object of this book -- 4. Why do policy analysts disagree? : the limits of statistical arguments -- 5. Why do policy analysts disagree? : the role of values -- 6. A case study : retention in grade -- 7. Concluding remarks -- 8. Further reading -- 9. Questions for discussion -- 10. Appendix : a quick guide to statistics. pt. 1. Poverty -- ch. 2. Who is poor? -- 1. Evidence on the importance of relative income -- 2. How the government measures poverty -- 3. Valuing nonmonetary income -- 4. Over what time period should we measure poverty? -- 5. Other problems with the official measure -- 6. The National Academy of Sciences report -- 7. Gathering the data -- 8. Who is poor (by the official measure)? -- 9. Extreme poverty -- 10. Homelessness -- 11. Hunger and food insecurity -- 12. Alternative measures of poverty -- 13. The dynamics of poverty -- 14. Why does poverty last so long for some people? -- 15. Concluding remarks -- 16. Further reading -- 17. Questions for discussion -- 18. Appendix : a brief note on data -- ch. 3. The evolution of poverty policy -- 1. Federal poverty programs, 1970-2000 -- 2. Incentives under AFDC -- 3. The Earned Income Tax Credit -- 4. Cash or in-kind transfer : which is better? -- 5. Concluding remarks -- 6. Further reading -- 7. Questions for Discussion -- ch. 4. Trends in poverty -- 1. Trends using the official measure -- 2. Trends in poverty under alternate measures -- 3. Accounting for trends -- 4. Concluding remarks -- 5. Further reading -- 6. Questions for discussion -- 7. Appendix : multivariate analysis -- ch. 5. Labor market policies -- 1. Understanding wage inequality -- 2. Minimum wage laws -- 3. Living wage laws -- 4. Job training programs -- 5. Can job training programs reduce poverty? -- 6. Evaluating the JTPA -- 7. Evaluating the Job Corps and other youth programs -- 8. Training programs and tagging -- 9. Welfare to Work : work first -- 10. Employer-based subsidies -- 11. Concluding remarks -- 12. Further reading -- 13. Questions for discussion -- 14. Appendix : adjusting for program nonparticipation -- ch. 6. Family composition -- 1. Births to single mothers -- 2. Declining marriage -- 3. Changing social attitudes -- 4. The role of welfare -- 5. Features of welfare -- 6. Teenage childbearing -- 7. Effects of growing up with a single parent -- 8. Intergenerational transmission of poverty -- 9. Policies aimed at infants and toddlers -- 10. Preschool programs -- 11. Programs for school-age children -- 12. Medicaid and SCHIP -- 13. Concluding remarks -- 14. Further reading -- 15. Questions for discussion -- ch. 7. Concentrated poverty -- 1. Life in high-poverty neighborhoods -- 2. Do neighborhoods matter? -- 3. The Gautreaux Program -- 4. Moving to opportunity -- 5. Public housing -- 6. Gangs -- 7. Community development -- 8. Concluding remarks -- 9. Further reading -- 10. Questions for discussion -- ch. 8. Education and education reform -- 1. Education and earnings -- 2. Testing -- 3. Decentralization and school quality -- 4. Using tests to increase school and district accountability -- 5. Concluding remarks -- 6. Further reading -- 7. Questions for discussion -- ch. 9. Welfare reform -- 1. The case for reform -- 2. The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 -- 3. Assessing the effects of welfare reform -- 4. Effect on welfare receipt -- 5. Welfare reform and well-being -- 6. Living arrangements -- 7. Effects on children and adolescents -- 8. Concluding thoughts -- 9. Further reading -- 10. Questions for discussion. pt. 2. Discrimination -- ch. 10. Discrimination : theory -- 1. What is discrimination? -- 2. Theories of discrimination : prejudice -- 3. Prejudice in imperfect labor markets -- 4. Transaction costs models -- 5. Statistical discrimination -- 6. Self-confirming expectations -- 7. Concluding remarks -- 8. Further reading -- 9. Questions for discussion -- ch. 11. Race discrimination in the labor market -- 1. Trends in black-white earnings differentials -- 2. Explaining the decline in the wage gap -- 3. Evidence on current discrimination -- 4. Testing for discrimination : legal perspectives -- 5. Affirmative action in employment -- 6. Affirmative action in public employment -- 7. Concluding remarks -- 8. Further reading -- 9. Questions for discussion -- ch. 12. Race discrimination and education -- 1. The black-white test score gap -- 2. Discrimination in education -- 3. Affirmative action in education -- 4. Concluding remarks -- 5. Further reading -- 6. Questions for discussion -- ch. 13. Race discrimination in customer markets and the judicial system -- 1. Housing -- 2. Discrimination in other markets -- 3. Discrimination in the justice system -- 4. Concluding remarks -- 5. Further reading -- 6. Questions for discussion -- ch. 14. Sex discrimination -- 1. Theory -- 2. Is there discrimination against women in the labor market? -- 3. Discrimination, marriage, and children -- 4. Sexual orientation -- 5. Trends in the female/male wage ratio -- 6. Comparable worth -- 7. Concluding remarks -- 8. Further reading -- 9. Questions for discussion -- ch. 15. Conclusion : an agenda to decrease poverty and discrimination? -- 1. The value and limits of research -- 2. The value and limits of a strong labor market -- 3. Family and early childhood programs -- 4. Education -- 5. Addressing the needs of high-poverty neighborhoods -- 6. Race discrimination and inequality -- 7. Addressing inequality -- 8. Health care -- 9. Concluding remarks