‘CAA2016: Oceans of Data’ gives an up-to-date overview of the field of archaeology and informatics. It presents ground-breaking technologies and best practice from various archaeological and computer science disciplines. The articles in this volume are based on the foremost presentations from the 44th Computer Applications in Archaeology Conference 2016, held in Oslo. The theme of CAA2016 was ‘Exploring Oceans of Data’, alluding to one of the greatest challenges in this field: the use and reuse of large datasets that result both from digitalisation and digital documentation of excavations and surveys. The volume contains 50 peer reviewed and highest ranked papers that are divided in eight parts, including an introduction and seven chapters. The introduction sets the stage with Oceans of Data (C.-E. Ore) and Theorising the Digital (S. Perry and J. S. Taylor), discussing the current status of overall CAA research. These two papers present the current developments, challenges, and potential that lies ahead from different perspectives. Ore points to the importance of common authority systems and ontologies. Common conceptual data models will ease curation and secure long term reusability. Perry and Taylor address the need to bring together theoretical and digital archaeology. In the following chapters, different topics are presented under the headings Ontologies and Standards, Field and Laboratory Data Recording and Analysis, Archaeological Information Systems, GIS and Spatial Analysis, 3D and Visualisation, Complex Systems Simulation, and Teaching Archaeology in the Digital Age.Table of ContentsForewordINTRODUCTIONOceans of Data: Creating a Safe Haven for Information – Christian-Emil ORETheorising the Digital: A Call to Action for the Archaeological Community – Sara PERRY and James Stuart TAYLORONTOLOGIES AND STANDARDSIs that a Good Concept? – George BRUSEKER, Maria Daskalaki, Martin Doerr, and Stephen STEADSculptures in the Semantic Web Using Semantic Technologies for the Deep Integration of Research Items in ARIADNE – Philipp GERTH, Dennis Mario Beck, Wolfgang Schmidle, and Sebastian CuyFormalization and Reuse of Methodological Knowledge on Archaeology across European Organizations – Cesar GONZALEZ-PEREZ, Patricia Mart ín-Rodilla, and Elena Viorica EpureLinked Open Data for Numismatic Library, Archive and Museum Integration – Ethan GRUBERSustainability = Separation: Keeping Database Structure, Domain Structure and Interface Separate – Ian JOHNSONSystematic Literature Review on Automated Monument Detection: A Remote Investigation on Patterns within the Field of Automated Monument Detection – Karl Hjalte Maack RAUN and Duncan PATERSONBioarchaeology Module Loading…Please Hold. Recording Human Bioarchaeological Data from Portuguese Archaeological Field Reports – Ana Lema SEABRA, Filipa Mascarenhas NETO, and Cristina BARROSO-CRUZMethodological Tips for Mappings to CIDOC CRM – Maria THEODORIDOU, George Bruseker, and Martin DoerrAn Ontology for a Numismatic Island with Bridges to Others – Karsten TOLLE, David Wigg-Wolf, and Ethan GruberIntegrating Analytical with Digital Data in Archaeology: Towards a Multidisciplinary Ontological Solution. The Salamis Terracotta Statues Case‑Study – Valentina VASSALLO, Giusi Sorrentino, Svetlana Gasanova , and Sorin HermonFIELD AND LABORATORY DATA RECORDING AND ANALYSISIntegrated Methodologies for Knowledge and Valorisation of the Roman Casinum City – Michela CIGOLA, Arturo Gallozzi, Leonardo Paris, and Emanuela ChiavoniA Multidisciplinary Project for the Study of Historical Landscapes: New Archaeological and Physicochemical Data from the ‘Colline Metallifere’ District – Luisa DALLAI, Alessandro DONATI, and Vanessa VOLPIFrom Survey, to 3D Modelling, to 3D Printing: Bramante’s Nymphaeum Colonna at Genazzano. – Tommaso EMPLER and Adriana CALDARONETowards a National Infrastructure for Semi‑Automatic Mapping of Cultural Heritage in Norway – Martin KERMIT, Jarle Hamar Reksten, and Øivind Due TrierExperiments in the Automatic Detection of Archaeological Features in Remotely Sensed Data from Great Plains Villages, USA – Kenneth L. KVAMMEInterpolating 3D Stratigraphy from Indirect Information – Lutz SCHUBERT, Ana Predoi, and Keith JefferyClosing a Gap with a Simple Toy: How the Use of the Tablet Affected the Documentation Workflow during the Excavations of the Rozprza Ring–Fort (Central Poland) – Jerzy SIKORA and Piotr KITTELSupercomputing at the Trench Edge: Expediting Image Based 3D Recoding – David STOTT, Matteo Pilati , Carsten Meinertz Risager , and Jens-Bjørn Riis AndresenSemi‑Automatic Mapping of Charcoal Kilns from Airborne Laser Scanning Data Using Deep Learning – Øivind Due TRIER, Arnt-Børre Salberg, and Lars Holger PiløDocumenting Facades of Etruscan Rock‑Cut Tombs: from 3D Recording to Archaeological Analysis – Tatiana VOTROUBEKOVÁArchaeological Information Systems – Fasti Online: Excavation, Conservation and Surveys. Twelve Years of Open AccessArchaeological Data Online – Michael JOHNSON, Florence Laino, Stuart Eve, and Elizabeth FentressDOHA — Doha Online Historical Atlas – Michal MICHALSKI, Robert Carter , Daniel Eddisford, Richard Fletcher, and Colleen MorganDigital Archives — More Than Just a Skeuomorph – Emily NIMMO and Peter MCKEAGUEWhen Data Meets the Enterprise: How Flanders Heritage Agency Turned a Merger of Organisations into a Confluence of Information – Koen VAN DAELE, Maarten Vermeyen, Sophie Mortier , and Leen MeganckGIS AND SPATIAL ANALYSISCrossroads: LCP — Model Testing and Historical Paths During the Iron Age in the North–East Iberian Peninsula (4th to 1st Centuries BC) – Joan Canela GRÀCIA and Núria Otero HERRAIZBoundaries of Agrarian Production in the Bergisches Land in 1715 AD – Irmela HERZOGGeometric Graphs to Study Ceramic Decoration – Thomas HUETVertical Aspects of Stone Age Distribution in South–East Norway – Mieko MATSUMOTO and Espen ULEBERG3D AND VISUALISATIONEmerging Technologies for Archaeological Heritage: Knowledge, Digital Documentation, and Communication – Martina ATTENNI, Carlo Bianchini, and Alfonso IppolitoNew Actualities for Mediterranean Ancient Theaters: the ATHENA Project Lesson – Carlo BIANCHINI, Carlo Inglese, and Alfonso IppolitoArchaeology and Augmented Reality. Visualizing Stone Age Sea Level on Location – Birgitte BJØRKLI, Šarūnas Ledas , Gunnar Liestøl, Tomas Stenarson, and Espen UlebergA Virtual Reconstruction of the Sun Temple of Niuserra: from Scans to ABIM – Angela BOSCO, Andrea D’Andrea, Massimiliano Nuzzolo, Rosanna Pirelli, and Patrizia ZanfagnaA 3D Digital Approach for the Study and Presentation of the Bisarcio Site – Paola DERUDAS, Maria Carla Sgarella, and Marco CallieriThe Role of Representation in Archaeological Architecture – Mario DOCCI, Carlo Inglese, and Alfonso IppolitoDigital Archaeological Dissemination: Eleniana Domus in Rome – Tommaso EMPLEROn Roof Construction and Wall Strength: Non-Linear Structural Integrity Analysis of the Early Bronze Age Helike Corridor House – Mariza Christina KORMANN, Stella Katsarou, Dora Katsonopoulou, and Gary LockAn Exploratory Use of 3D for Investigating a Prehistoric Stratigraphic Sequence – Giacomo LANDESCHI, Jan Apel, Stefan Lindgren, and Nicolò Dell’UntoLes gestes retrouves: a 3D Visualization Approach to the Functional Study of Early Upper Palaeolithic Ground Stones – Laura LONGO, Natalia Skakun, Giusi Sorrentino, Valentina Vassallo, Dante Abate , Vera Terehina, Andrei Sinitsyn, Gennady Khlopachev , and Sorin HermonEnhancing Archaeological Interpretation with Volume Calculations. An Integrated Method of 3D Recording and Modeling – Giulio POGGI and Mirko BUONO3D Spatial Analysis: the Road Ahead – Martijn VAN LEUSEN and Gary NOBLESCOMPLEX SYSTEMS SIMULATIONWeaving the Common Threads of Simulation and Formation Studies in Archaeology – Benjamin DAVIESEvolving Hominins in HomininSpace: Genetic Algorithms and the Search for the ‘Perfect’ Neanderthal – Fulco SCHERJONAn Agent‑Based Approach to Weighted Decision Making in the Spatially and Temporally Variable South African Paleoscape – Colin D. WREN, Chloe Atwater , Kim Hill, Marco A. Janssen, Jan C. DE Vynck, and Curtis W. MareanTEACHING ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE DIGITAL AGEArchaeological Education for a Digital World: Case Studies from the Contemporary and Historical US – Anna S. AGBE-DAVIESTeaching Archaeology or Teaching Digital Archaeology: Do We Have to Choose? – Sylvain BADEY and Anne MOREAUDOMUS: Cyber‑Archaeology and Education – Alex DA SILVA MARTIRE and Tatiana BINADigital Data Recording at Circus Maximus: A Recent Experience – Alessandro VECCHIONE and Domenica DININNOTeaching GIS in Archaeology: What Students Focus On – Mar ZAMORA MERCHÁN and Javier BAENA PREYSLER