دانلود کتاب The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II: Volume 2

Like the great sea of which he writes Braudel's vision transcends the limits so instinctive to the pigeon-holing mind and moves with a force, a colour and a depth that carries the study of man beyond its familiar horizons.

Perhaps no historical work published since 1945 has received greater acclaim than this book. Professor Braudel who acknowledges his own debt to Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch has like them gone far to enrich and enhance our conception of history and to break down the barriers erected by intellectual smallholders in defence of particular specialisations.

The focus of the book is the Mediterranean world in the second half of the sixteenth century. But the perspective of time stretches back from the age of Philip II to the world of Odysseus and the foreground reaches to the life of our own time. The same unconcerned, unconfined mastery reveals itself in the treatment of space. The Mediterranean is not to be defined in hydrographic terms as a sea, or even as a series of seas; nor in ecological terms as the area of sea and land that lies between the northernmost date palm and the northernmost olive. It reaches across to the Americas for the silver that submerged its price structures; down the Red Sea and across Asia for the spices that dominated its trade; up to England, Germany, Holland, Russia for grain and wool and ships and men; down the West African coast or across the Sahara for slaves and gold and ivory.

And in considering its history it is not treaties and wars and dynastic marriages that claim our attention but the time it took for a cargo ship to work her way from Alicante to Alexandria; how much it cost to send a special courier from Madrid to Paris; how people lived and what they lived on; what happened in the great cities like Venice, Naples or Constantinople when plague or famine or war intensified an already furious struggle for existence.