دانلود کتاب A grammar of Barapu: a language of Papua New Guinea [PhD thesis]

This thesis is a descriptive grammar of Barapu, the easternmost member of the Skou family of languages. Barapu is spoken by around 3000 people on the north coast of New Guinea; its grammar has not previously been described.Barapu is a tone language in which words belong to one of five tone classes and it exemplifies a type of pitch-accent system where for the most part tone is attracted to penultimate stressed syllables and spreads one syllable to the right. Some words, however, have tones lexically specified to one of the final two syllables of the word.A key feature of Barapu grammar is that there is no oblique marking on NPs — no particles, adpositions or case markers provide information about a nominal’s role in the clause. Instead, Barapu is head-marking. Underived verbs show multiple exponence of subject, which can take the form of double prefixing or prefixing and infixing.There is a set of suffixing morphemes that function like applicatives in adding participants to the clause, but which are very atypical in appearing outside verbal inflection and showing extra agreement for subject. Barapu also has a prefixing Benefactive paradigm that replaces regular subject agreement and can be extended to mark external posession. Finally, Barapu is a polysynthetic language and, as such, makes almost no use of formal subordination.Appendices to this thesis include a set of interlinearised texts and a draft of a Barapu-English dictionary with an English-Barapu finderlist.