دانلود کتاب OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies: Israel

This 2009 review of Israeli labour market and social policy finds that Israel has enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, but the benefits of this are being distributed unevenly. Poverty rates are higher than in any OECD country, which reflects the deep social and economic divides in Israeli society. On one side, there is the general Jewish population with poverty and employment rates similar to those of OECD countries. On the other, there are Arabs and ultra-Orthodox Jews, or Haredim, who have large families, poor educational outcomes and low employment rates. As a result, just over half of Arab and Haredi families live in poverty. Almost half of all children entering primary school in Israel come from one of these two groups, so profound policy changes are needed to prevent future generations of Arabs and Haredim from being scarred by the disadvantages these population groups face today. >Tackling the root causes of such deep inequality would greatly enhance the dynamism of the Israeli economy. Greater investment to help workers improve their skills is urgently needed. Welfare-to-work programmes need to be restructured and extended, including by reducing child benefits paid to families who are able to work but do not and by sharply increasing the Earned Income Tax Credit to tackle in-work poverty more effectively. And access to means-tested income supports for the neediest should be improved. Israel has failed to enforce many aspects of its labour legislation, contributing to poor employment conditions for many resident, cross-border and foreign low-income workers. Rules to overcome discrimination against all workers need to be enforced, and the illegal hiring and employment of temporary foreign workers need to be stamped out.; Progress has been made in many of these areas. New legislation and initiatives have been introduced. The challenge is how to make reform work in practice. The consequences of not doing so would be devastating.Table of Content AbbreviationsAssessment and RecommendationsChapter 1. High Poverty and Low Employment-Israel's key twin labour market and social policy challenges: fight poverty and increase participation-Recent economic developments-A segmented labour market-Poverty and income inequality-Government spendingConclusions-Annex 1.A1. Employment by sector-Annex 1.A2. Income distribution and poverty-Annex 1.A3. Public social expenditure by social policy areaChapter 2. Reforming Labour Market Institutions-IntroductionCollective bargaining plays a declining role in labour market regulation-The minimum wage is relatively high-Employment protection legislation is relatively flexible-Labour law enforcement is weak-The public employment service is under-budgeted and under-staffed-ConclusionsChapter 3. Increasing Employment among Low-Qualified Workers-Introduction-Financial incentives to work are relatively strong-The pilot welfare to work programme requires further improvement-ConclusionsChapter 4. Poverty and Employment Issues for Minority Groups-Introduction-Towards a better deal for Arabs-Haredim: the need for a more sustainable balance of religious study and employment-ConclusionsChapter 5. Preparing for Population Ageing and Fighting Poverty among the Elderly-An ageing population: setting the scene-Fighting pensioner poverty-Containing the upward trend in disability receipt-Sustaining long-term care insurance-ConclusionsChapter 6. Better Managing Labour Migration-Introduction-The current labour migration management system-Key problems in the labour migration management system-ConclusionsChapter 7. Drawing Lessons from a Country Built on Immigration