دانلود کتاب Deep Marine Mineral Resources

Major industrial developments are based on the availability of energy and minerals: iron in the 19th century, aluminium and copper in the 20th century, silicon andhigh-tech metals for the past twenty years. Today, growing tensions are emergingbetween mineral availability and global requirements, especially in major industrialcountries, which continue to rise in number and force. China’s growth alone accounts for half of the rise in demand for base metals since 2000. Given the risks for Europe of supply shortages of strategic metals used in many high-tech industries, or even of certain common metals such as copper, it has become necessary to actively explore the potential of deep-sea mineral resources (DSMR), as a possible source in addition to known deposits on land.Contents1 Study Summary2 Deep-sea Environment3 Rare and Strategic Metals4 Characteristics and Formation Process5 Scientific Knowledge and Challenges Related to Hydrogen6 International Law and Its Evolution7 Training Organisations and Establishments in France and Europe8 Access to Raw Materials9 Conclusion