دانلود کتاب Environmental justice analysis : theories, methods, and practice

Content: Chapter 1 Environmental Justice, Equity, and Policies -- 1.1 Environmental Justice Movement 1 -- 1.2 Environmental Justice Policies 5 -- 1.3 Environmental Justice Analysis 10 -- Chapter 2 Theories and Hypotheses -- 2.1 Theories of Justice and Equity 19 -- 2.1.1 Utilitarianism 20 -- 2.1.2 Contractarianism and Egalitarianism 22 -- 2.1.3 Libertarianism 23 -- 2.1.4 Which Theory? 24 -- 2.2 Economic Theory and Location Theory 26 -- 2.2.1 Externality and Public Goods 27 -- 2.2.2 Welfare Economics 28 -- 2.2.3 Residential Location Theory 30 -- 2.2.4 Industrial Location Theory 33 -- 2.3 Theories of Risk 34 -- 2.3.1 Psychometric Theory 35 -- 2.3.2 Expected Utility Theory 36 -- 2.3.3 Cultural Theory 36 -- 2.3.4 Sociological Theory 37 -- 2.4 Theories of Neighborhood Change 37 -- 2.4.1 Classical Invasion-Succession Model 38 -- 2.4.2 Neighborhood Life-Cycle Model 39 -- 2.4.3 Push-Pull Model 40 -- 2.4.4 Institutional Theory of Neighborhood Change 41 -- Chapter 3 Methodology and Analytical Framework for Environmental Justice and Equity Analysis -- 3.1 Inquiry and Environmental Justice Analysis 45 -- 3.1.1 Positivism and Participatory Research 45 -- 3.1.2 Scientific Reasoning 47 -- 3.1.3 Validity 47 -- 3.1.4 Causality 51 -- 3.2 Methodological Issues in Environmental Justice Research 52 -- 3.3 Integrated Analytical Framework 55 -- Chapter 4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts -- 4.1 Environmental and Human Impacts: Concepts and Processes 61 -- 4.2 Modeling and Simulating Environmental Risks 65 -- 4.2.1 Modeling Exposure 66 -- 4.2.1.1 Emission Models 67 -- 4.2.1.2 Dispersion Models 69 -- 4.2.1.3 Time-Activity Patterns and Exposure Models 71 -- 4.2.2 Modeling Dose-Response 72 -- 4.3 Measuring and Modeling Economic Impacts 75 -- 4.3.1 Contingent Valuation Method 75 -- 4.3.2 Hedonic Price Method 76 -- 4.4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts for Environmental Justice Analysis 81 -- 4.5 Critique and Response of a Risk-Based Approach to Equity Analysis 86 -- Chapter 5 Quantifying and Projecting Population Distribution -- 5.1 Census 93 -- 5.2 Population Measurements: Who Is Disadvantaged? 95 -- 5.2.1 Race and Ethnicity 96 -- 5.2.2 Income 99 -- 5.2.3 Highly Susceptible of Exposed Subpopulations 104 -- 5.2.4 Age 105 -- 5.2.5 Housing 107 -- 5.2.6 Education 108 -- 5.3 Population Distribution 108 -- 5.4 Population Projection and Forecast 110 -- 5.4.1 Methods 111 -- 5.4.2 Choosing the Right Method 113 -- Chapter 6 Defining Units of Analysis -- 6.1 Debate on Choice of Unit of Analysis 117 -- 6.2 Census Geography: Concepts, Criteria, and Hierarchy 120 -- 6.2.1 Basic Hierarchy: Standard Geographic Units 120 -- 6.2.2 Non-Standard Geographic Units 126 -- 6.3 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Consistency, Comparability, and Availability 128 -- 6.3.1 Hierarchical Relationship and Geographic Boundary 128 -- 6.3.2 Boundary Comparability over Time 129 -- 6.3.3 Data Availability and Comparability over Time 131 -- 6.4 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Which One? 133 -- 6.5 Alternative Units of Analysis 139 -- 6.5.1 Based on the Boundary of Environmental Impacts 140 -- 6.5.2 Based on the Boundary of Sociological Neighborhood 141 -- 6.5.3 Based on the Boundary of Economic Impacts 142 -- 6.5.4 Based on the Administrative/Political Boundary or Judicial Opinions 143 -- Chapter 7 Analyzing Data with Statistical Methods -- 7.1 Descriptive Statistics 145 -- 7.2 Inferential Statistics 149 -- 7.3 Correlation and Regression 152 -- 7.4 Probability and Discrete Choice Models 156 -- 7.5 Spatial Statistics 157 -- 7.6 Applications of Statistical Methods in Environmental Justice Studies 158 -- Chapter 8 Integrating, Analyzing, and Mapping Data with GIS -- 8.1 Spatial Measures and Concepts 164 -- 8.1.1 Spatials Data 164 -- 8.1.2 Spatial Data Structure 164 -- 8.1.3 Distance 165 -- 8.1.4 Centroid 165 -- 8.2 Spatial Interpolation 165 -- 8.2.1 Point Interpolation 166 -- 8.2.2 Areal Interpolation 167 -- 8.3 GIS-Based Units of Analysis for Equity Analysis 168 -- 8.3.1 Adjacency Analysis 168 -- 8.3.2 Buffer Analysis 168 -- 8.4 Overlay and Suitability Analysis 172 -- 8.5 GIS-Based Operationalization of Equity Criteria 174 -- 8.6 Integrating GIS and Urban and Environmental Models 175 -- Chapter 9 Modeling Urban Systems -- 9.1 Gravity Models, Spatial Interaction, and Entropy Maximization 178 -- 9.2 Deterministic Utility, Random Utility, and Discrete Choice 181 -- 9.2.1 Deterministic Utility and Optimization 182 -- 9.2.2 Random Utility Theory and Discrete Choice 183 -- 9.3 Policy Evaluation Measures 184 -- 9.4 Operational Models 186 -- 9.5 Integrating Urban and Environmental Models for Environmental Justice Analysis 191 -- Chapter 10 Equity Analysis of Air Pollution -- 10.1 Air Quality 195 -- 10.2 Relationship between Air Quality and Population Distribution: Theories, Methods, and Evidence 199 -- 10.2.1.1 Residential Location Theory and Spatial Interaction 199 -- 10.2.1.2 Risk Perception and Human Response to Air Quality 200 -- 10.2.1.3 Theories of Neighborhood Changes 201 -- 10.3 Spatial Interaction Modeling Approach to Testing Environmental Inequity 205 -- 10.3.1 Problem Definition 205 -- 10.3.2 Hypothesis 205 -- 10.3.3 Methods: Spatial Interaction Modeling Using DRAM 205 -- 10.3.4 Index Construction and Data Preparation 207 -- 10.3.5 Model Estimation 210 -- 10.3.6.1 Los Angeles 213 -- 10.3.6.2 Houston 215 -- 10.4 Equity Analysis of National Ambient Air Quality Standards 219 -- 10.4.3.1 Nonattainment Areas as a Whole 221 -- 10.4.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Regional Differences 223 -- 10.4.3.3 City vs. Non-City Nonattainment Areas 230 -- 10.4.3.4 Major Findings 233 -- 10.4.3.5 Implications for Environmental Policy 234 -- Chapter 11 Environmental Justice Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities, Superfund Sites, and Toxic Release Facilities -- 11.1 Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities 237 -- 11.1.1 Hazardous Wastes 237 -- 11.1.2 Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities 238 -- 11.1.2.1 Cross-Sectional National Studies 239 -- 11.1.2.2 Regional Studies 247 -- 11.1.3 Methodological Issues 248 -- 11.2 Equity Analysis of CERCLIS and Superfund Sites 250 -- 11.2.1 CERCLIS and Superfund Sites 250 -- 11.2.2 Hypotheses and Empirical Evidence 252 -- 11.2.3 Methodological Issues 257 -- 11.3 Equity Analysis of Toxic Release Facilities 258 -- 11.3.1 Toxic Releases Inventory 258 -- 11.3.2 National Studies and Evidence 261 -- 11.3.3 Regional Studies and Methodological Improvements 264 -- 11.3.4 Methodological Issues 266 -- Chapter 12 Dynamics Analysis of Locally Unwanted Land Uses -- 12.1 Methodological Issues in Dynamics Analysis 270 -- 12.2 Framework for Dynamics Analysis 273 -- 12.3 Revisiting the Houston Case: Hypothesis Testing 276 -- 12.4 Discussion of Alternative Hypotheses 279 -- 12.4.1 Invasion-Succession Hypothesis 279 -- 12.4.2 Life-Cycle Hypothesis 280 -- 12.4.3 Push Forces: Other Environmental Risks 282 -- Chapter 13 Equity Analysis of Transportation Systems, Projects, Plans, and Policies -- 13.1 Environmental Impacts of Transportation Systems 287 -- 13.2 Incorporating Equity Analysis in the Transportation Planning Process 288 -- 13.3 Transportation System Performance Measures 291 -- 13.4 Equity Analysis of Mobility and Accessibility 292 -- 13.4.2 Using Accessibility for Equity Analysis 297 -- 13.4.3 Empirical Evidence about Mobility Disparity 300 -- 13.4.4 Accessibility Disparity and Spatial Mismatch 302 -- 13.5 Measuring Distributional Impacts on Property Values 304 -- 13.6 Measuring Environmental Impacts 307 -- 13.7 Equity Analysis of Transportation Policies 308 -- 13.8 Environmental Justice of Transportation in Court 311 -- 14.1 Internet-Based and Community-Based Tools 315 -- 14.1.1 EPA's Environfacts 315 -- 14.1.2 LandView III 317 -- 14.1.3 Environmental Defense's Scorecard (http://www.scorecard.org/) 318.