دانلود کتاب Credit and Debit Cards: Federal Use

By accepting cards, federal entities realise benefits, including more satisfied customers, fewer bad checks and cash thefts, and improved operational efficiency. In fiscal year 2007, federal entities accepted cards for over $27 billion in revenues and paid at least $433 million in associated merchant discount fees. For those able to separately identify interchange costs, these entities collected $18.6 billion in card revenues and paid $205 million in interchange fees. Federal entities are taking steps to control card acceptance costs, including reviewing transactions to ensure that the lowest interchange rates - which can vary by merchant category, type of card used, and other factors - are assessed. While the Visa and Master Card card networks have established lower interchange rates for many government transactions, some federal entities have attempted to negotiate lower ones, with mixed success. To identify savings from cards and other collection mechanisms, Treasury's Financial Management Service (FMS) - which handles revenues and pays merchant discount fees for many federal entities - initiated a program in 2007 to review each entity's overall revenue collections. FMS has identified potential efficiency and cost saving improvements at the eight entities it has reviewed thus far, but has yet to develop a full implementation strategy - including a timeline for completing all reviews, cost savings estimates, and resource assessment - that could help expeditiously achieve program goals. Several countries have taken steps to lower interchange rates, but information on their effects is limited. Among the three countries the author examined, regulators in Australia and Israel intervened directly to establish limits on interchange rates, while Mexico's banking association voluntarily lowered some rates. Since Australia's regulators acted in 2003, total merchant discount fees paid by merchants have declined, but no conclusive evidence exists that lower interchange fees led merchants to reduce retail prices for goods; further, some costs for card users, such as annual and other fees, have increased. Few data exist on the impact of the actions taken in Mexico (beginning in 2004) and Israel (beginning in the late 1990s). Because of the limited data on effects, and because the structure and regulation of credit and debit card markets in these countries differ from those in the United States, estimating the impact of taking similar actions in the United States is difficult. Federal officials cited various benefits from card use - which totalled over $27 billion in fiscal year 2007, a 51 percent increase since fiscal year 1999 after adjusting for inflation - including the ability to make purchases more quickly and with lower administrative costs than with previously used purchasing methods. The banks that issue cards to federal entities also rebate a small percentage of their card purchase amounts; these rebates totalled $175 million in fiscal year 2007. Preventing inappropriate card use poses challenges, and the author and others have identified inadequate controls over various agencies' card programs. However, tools and data provided by the issuing banks now allow entities to review transactions more quickly, increasing their ability to detect suspicious transactions. Federal entities - agencies, corporations, and others - are growing users of credit and debit cards, as both 'merchants' (receiving payments) and purchasers. Merchants accepting cards incur fees - called merchant discount fees - paid to banks to process the transactions. For Visa and Master Card transactions, a large portion of these fees - referred to as interchange - goes to the card-issuing banks. Some countries have acted to limit these fees. The author was asked to examine: the benefits and costs associated with federal entities' acceptance of cards; the effects of other countries' actions to limit interchange fees; and, the impact on federal entities of using cards to make purchases. Among other things, the author analysed fee data and information on the impact of accepting and using cards from the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) and the General Services Administration, reviewed literature, and interviewed officials of major card companies and three foreign governments.