دانلود کتاب Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and diachronic aspects

Preaspiration—the production of glottal friction at the juncture of a voweland a consonant—appears to be typologically rare but is an areal linguisticfeature of Northwestern Europe. This study contains a survey ofthe known geographical spread of preaspirated stops, their phonologicaldistribution and phonetic expressions in some Nordic dialects. The studyalso suggests a reconstruction of the phonetics of the Proto-Nordic stopcontrasts based on synchronic data as well as a more general framework ofhistorical sound change.Following an introduction (Chapter 1), Chapter 2 deals with the definitionand typology of preaspiration presenting a global overview of the knowngeographical spread of preaspiration. The apparent rarity of preaspirationis considered. Proposed, perceptually based explanations of this rarity areevaluated.Chapter 3 offers a fairly detailed account of the known areal spread of preaspirationin Europe. Stop systems of several dialects in which preaspirationoccurs are analysed in terms of voicing conditions. These analyses arebased mainly on descriptions provided in the dialectological literature.Chapter 4 presents data on durational variation and other phonetic patternsof stop production in Central Standard Swedish, Tórshavn Faroese, GräsöSwedish and Western Åland Swedish. The results reveal a greater degreeof phonetic variation than has been assumed to date. In particular, speakersof Central Standard Swedish are shown to use preaspiration as a regularfeature in their voiceless stop production.In Chapter 5, finally, the results of the data analysis are used in an attemptto reconstruct the phonetic expression of stop contrasts in Proto-Nordic. Itis argued that Proto-Nordic stop production was largely similar to the stopproduction of today’s Central Standard Swedish. As regards phonologicalstructure, however, the Proto-Nordic stop contrasts appear to have beenlargely preserved in all dialects considered. This conclusion is found to becompatible with an expansion/contraction (E/C) model of historical soundchange.