دانلود کتاب Principles of physics. For Scientists and Engineers

Very didactical textbookPresents the mathematical basics for each topicContains many exercises and solutions for teaching and learningThis textbook presents a basic course in physics to teach mechanics, mechanical properties of matter, thermal properties of matter, elementary thermodynamics, electrodynamics, electricity, magnetism, light and optics and sound. It includes simple mathematical approaches to each physical principle, and all examples and exercises are selected carefully to reinforce each chapter. In addition, answers to all exercises are included that should ultimately help solidify the concepts in the minds of the students and increase their confidence in the subject. Many boxed features are used to separate the examples from the text and to highlight some important physical outcomes and rules. The appendices are chosen in such a way that all basic simple conversion factors, basic rules and formulas, basic rules of differentiation and integration can be viewed quickly, helping student to understand the elementary mathematical steps used for solving the examples and exercises.Instructors teaching form this textbook will be able to gain online access to the solutions manual which provides step-by-step solutions to all exercises contained in the book. The solutions manual also contains many tips, colored illustrations, and explanations on how the solutions were derived.Content Level » Lower undergraduateKeywords » electricity - fluid- and aerodynamics - light waves - magnetism - mechanical properties of matter - mechanics - optics - oscillations and waves - physics, general - sound - sound waves - thermal properties of matter - thermodynamicsRelated subjects » Classical Continuum Physics - Electronics & Electrical Engineering - Materials - Mechanical Engineering - Optics & LasersCoverUndergraduate Lecture Notes in PhysicsPrinciples of Physics For Scientists and EngineersCopyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 ISSN 2192-4791 ISSN 2192-4805 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-23025-7 ISBN 978-3-642-23026-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23026-4Preface Acknowledgments from Prof. Hafez A. Radi Acknowledgments from Prof. John O. RasmussenContentsPrefaceFundamental Physical ConstantsOther useful constantsThe greek alphabetSome SI base units and derived unitsSI multipliersPart I Fundamental Basics 1 Dimensions and Units 1.1 The International System of Units 3 1.2 Standards of Length, Time, and Mass 5 1.3 Dimensional Analysis 9 1.4 Exercises 12 2 Vectors 2.1 Vectors and Scalars 17 2.2 Properties of Vectors. 19 2.3 Vector Components and Unit Vectors 22 2.4 Multiplying Vectors 27 2.5 Exercises 33Part II Mechanics 3 Motion in One Dimension 3.1 Position and Displacement 41 3.2 Average Velocity and Average Speed 42 3.3 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 44 3.4 Acceleration 48 3.5 Constant Acceleration 52 3.6 Free Fall 57 3.7 Exercises 62 4 Motion in Two Dimensions 4.1 Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors 71 4.2 Projectile Motion 79 4.3 Uniform Circular Motion 87 4.4 Tangential and Radial Acceleration. 90 4.5 Non-uniform Circular Motion. 91 4.6 Exercises 93 5 Force and Motion 5.1 The Cause of Acceleration and Newton’s Laws 103 5.2 Some Particular Forces 106 5.3 Applications to Newton’s Laws 113 5.4 Exercises 124 6 Work, Energy, and Power 6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force 137 6.2 Work Done by a Variable Force. 142 6.3 Work-Energy Theorem 148 6.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 151 6.5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 157 6.6 Work Done by Non-conservative Forces 159 6.7 Conservation of Energy 162 6.8 Power 166 6.9 Exercises 170 7 Linear Momentum, Collisions, and Center of Mass 7.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse 181 7.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum. 184 7.3 Conservation of Momentum and Energy in Collisions 187 7.4 Center of Mass (CM) 195 7.5 Dynamics of the Center of Mass 199 7.6 Systems of Variable Mass 203 7.7 Exercises 209 8 Rotational Motion 8.1 Radian Measures 227 8.2 Rotational Kinematics; Angular Quantities 228 8.3 Constant Angular Acceleration 232 8.4 Angular Vectors 233 8.5 Relating Angular and Linear Quantities 233 8.6 Rotational Dynamics; Torque 238 8.7 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 240 8.8 Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power in Rotation 248 8.9 Rolling Motion 252 8.10 Exercises 259 9 Angular Momentum 9.1 Angular Momentum of Rotating Systems 269 9.2 Conservation of Angular Momentum 277 9.3 The Spinning Top and Gyroscope 285 9.4 Exercises 289 10 Mechanical Properties of Matter. 10.1 Density and Relative Density 304 10.2 Elastic Properties of Solids 306 10.3 Fluids 314 10.4 Fluid Statics 316 10.5 Fluid Dynamics 328 10.6 Exercises 345Part III Introductory Thermodynamics 11 Thermal Properties of Matter. 11.1 Temperature 357 11.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 360 11.3 The Ideal Gas 365 11.4 Exercises 371 12 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 12.1 Heat and Thermal Energy 379 12.2 Heat and Work. 390 12.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 395 12.4 Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics 396 12.5 Heat Transfer 406 12.6 Exercises 416 13 Kinetic Theory of Gases 13.1 Microscopic Model of an Ideal Gas 427 13.2 Molar Specific Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas 434 13.3 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 441 13.4 Non-ideal Gases and Phases of Matter 442 13.5 Exercises 444Part IV Sound and Light Waves 14 Oscillations and Wave Motion 14.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 451 14.2 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 462 14.3 Sinusoidal Waves 463 14.4 The Speed of Waves on Strings 470 14.5 Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings 472 14.6 The Linear Wave Equation 476 14.7 Standing Waves 477 14.8 Exercises 486 15 Sound Waves 15.1 Speed of Sound Waves 499 15.2 Periodic Sound Waves 502 15.3 Energy, Power, and Intensity of Sound Waves 505 15.4 The Decibel Scale 510 15.5 Hearing Response to Intensity and Frequency 514 15.6 The Doppler Effect 514 15.7 Supersonic Speeds and Shock Waves 521 15.8 Exercises 523 16 Superposition of Sound Waves 16.1 Superposition and Interference 531 16.2 Spatial Interference of Sound Waves 533 16.3 Standing Sound Waves 537 16.4 Standing Sound Waves in Air Columns 541 16.5 Temporal Interference of Sound Waves: Beats 549 16.6 Exercises 554 17 Light Waves and Optics 17.1 Light Rays 561 17.2 Reflection and Refraction of Light 563 17.3 Total Internal Reflection and Optical Fibers. 568 17.4 Chromatic Dispersion and Prisms 571 17.5 Formation of Images by Reflection 575 17.6 Formation of Images by Refraction. 583 17.7 Exercises 595 18 Interference, Diffraction and Polarization of Light 18.1 Interference of Light Waves 603 18.2 Young’s Double Slit Experiment 604 18.3 Thin Films-Change of Phase Due to Reflection 611 18.4 Diffraction of Light Waves 615 18.5 Diffraction Gratings 620 18.6 Polarization of Light Waves 624 18.7 Exercises 627Part V Electricity 19 Electric Force 19.1 Electric Charge. 637 19.2 Charging Conductors and Insulators 639 19.3 Coulomb’s Law 642 19.4 Exercises 651 20 Electric Fields 20.1 The Electric Field 659 20.2 The Electric Field of a Point Charge 660 20.3 The Electric Field of an Electric Dipole 666 20.4 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution 670 20.5 Electric Field Lines 684 20.6 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field 686 20.7 Exercises 691 21 Gauss’s Law 21.1 Electric Flux 701 21.2 Gauss’s Law 705 21.3 Applications of Gauss’s Law 707 21.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 717 21.5 Exercises 720 22 Electric Potential 22.1 Electric Potential Energy 731 22.2 Electric Potential 733 22.3 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field 735 22.4 Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge 741 22.5 Electric Potential Due to a Dipole 745 22.6 Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field 747 22.7 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Rod 749 22.8 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Arc 752 22.9 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Ring. 753 22.10 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Disk. 754 22.11 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Sphere 756 22.12 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor 757 22.13 Potential Gradient 758 22.14 The Electrostatic Precipitator 761 22.15 The Van de Graaff Generator. 762 22.16 Exercises 763 23 Capacitors and Capacitance 23.1 Capacitor and Capacitance 773 23.2 Calculating Capacitance. 775 23.3 Capacitors with Dielectrics 781 23.4 Capacitors in Parallel and Series. 790 23.5 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor. 795 23.6 Exercises 797 24 Electric Circuits 24.1 Electric Current and Electric Current Density 809 24.2 Ohm’s Law and Electric Resistance 814 24.3 Electric Power 823 24.4 Electromotive Force 825 24.5 Resistors in Series and Parallel 829 24.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules 834 24.7 The RC Circuit 838 24.8 Exercises 844Part VI Magnetism 25 Magnetic Fields 25.1 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 859 25.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field 863 25.3 Charged Particles in an Electric and Magnetic Fields 865 25.4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor. 869 25.5 Torque on a Current Loop 874 25.6 Non-Uniform Magnetic Fields 878 25.7 Exercises 879 26 Sources of Magnetic Field 26.1 The Biot-Savart Law. 889 26.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents. 895 26.3 Ampere’s Law 897 26.4 Displacement Current and the Ampere-Maxwell Law 901 26.5 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 903 26.6 The Origin of Magnetism 904 26.7 Magnetic Materials 908 26.8 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 910 26.9 Ferromagnetism 914 26.10 Some Applications of Magnetism 919 26.11 Exercises 921 27 Faraday’s Law, Alternating Current, and Maxwell’s Equations 27.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction 933 27.2 Motional emf 936 27.3 Electric Generators 940 27.4 Alternating Current 942 27.5 Transformers 943 27.6 Induced Electric Fields 945 27.7 Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism 947 27.8 Exercises 950 28 Inductance, Oscillating Circuits, and AC Circuits 28.1 Self-Inductance. 961 28.2 Mutual Inductance 964 28.3 Energy Stored in an Inductor 966 28.4 The L-R Circuit 967 28.5 The Oscillating L-C Circuit 971 28.6 The L-R-C Circuit 974 28.7 Circuits with an ac Source 977 28.8 L-R-C Series in an ac Circuit 984 28.9 Resonance in L-R-C Series Circuit 988 28.10 Exercises 988 Appendix A Conversion Factors 999 Appendix B Basic Rules and Formulas 1003 Appendix C The Periodic Table of Elements 1013Answers to All ExercisesIndex