دانلود کتاب Flemish Painting - From Hieronymus Bosch to Rubens (Art Ebook)

Though the spirit of the Flemish Primitives remained active throughout the 15th century in all the towns where that art of precise and patient craftsmanship had arisen, it is with the age-old city of Bruges that we associate its most brilliant manifestations. But in the next century, when the tranquillity of Flanders was rudely shaken by the influx of Renaissance ideology, by the religious controversies of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, by the rise of nationalism and the political upheavals of the western world, the center of gravity shifted to Antwerp, which now became the headquarters of the leading artists and humanists of the day. It was at Antwerp that the vital forces of Flemish genius found expression in the 16th century and from there that they spread abroad, making their imprint on many foreign schools