دانلود کتاب The Origin of Species

Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, published 24 November 1859, is a seminal work of scientific literature considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Its full title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. For the 6th edition of 1872, the short title was changed to The Origin of Species. Darwin's book introduced the theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection, and presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose through a branching pattern of evolution and common descent. This included evidence that he had accumulated on the voyage of the Beagle in the 1830s, and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, and science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.The book was written to be read by non-specialists, and it attracted widespread interest on its publication. Darwin's eminence as a scientist meant that his findings had to be taken seriously, and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. Within two decades this led to widespread scientific agreement that evolution with a branching pattern of common descent had occurred. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T.H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X-club to secularize science by promoting scientific naturalism. Scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate, and during the eclipse of Darwinism various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, which is the unifying concept of the life sciences.---«Происхождение видов путём естественного отбора, или Сохранение благоприятных рас в борьбе за жизнь» (англ. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life) — труд английского естествоиспытателя Чарльза Дарвина, опубликованный 24 ноября 1859 года, являющийся одним из наиболее знаменитых трудов в истории науки и основополагающим в сфере эволюционного учения.В этом научном труде Дарвин представляет длинную цепочку аргументов в пользу своей теории. Согласно ей, группы организмов (называющиеся сегодня популяциями) постепенно развиваются благодаря естественному отбору. Именно в данном труде этот процесс был впервые представлен широкой общественности. Впоследствии совокупность принципов, изложенных Дарвином, стали называть дарвинизмом. В частности, Дарвин продемонстрировал подробные научные доказательства, собранные во время его путешествия в Южную Америку, на Галапагосские острова и в Австралию на борту корабля «Бигль» c 1831 по 1836 год. Одновременно он опровергал доктрину «созданных видов» (англ. created kinds), на которой основывалась вся биология его эпохи.Книга была понятна и неучёному читателю и вызвала уже при публикации большой интерес. Первый тираж величиной 1 250 экземпляров был раскуплен в первый же день. Представленные в ней тезисы до сих пор являются основой научной теории эволюции. Оспариваются они прежде всего сторонниками креационизма и теории «Разумного замысла».Скриншоты