دانلود کتاب Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality

What is morality? Where does it come from? And why do most of us heed its call most of the time? In Braintrust, neurophilosophy pioneer Patricia Churchland argues that morality originates in the biology of the brain. She describes the "neurobiological platform of bonding" that, modified by evolutionary pressures and cultural values, has led to human styles of moral behavior. The result is a provocative genealogy of morals that asks us to reevaluate the priority given to religion, absolute rules, and pure reason in accounting for the basis of morality. Moral values, Churchland argues, are rooted in a behavior common to all mammals--the caring for offspring. The evolved structure, processes, and chemistry of the brain incline humans to strive not only for self-preservation but for the well-being of allied selves--first offspring, then mates, kin, and so on, in wider and wider "caring" circles. Separation and exclusion cause pain, and the company of loved ones causes pleasure; responding to feelings of social pain and pleasure, brains adjust their circuitry to local customs. In this way, caring is apportioned, conscience molded, and moral intuitions instilled. A key part of the story is oxytocin, an ancient body-and-brain molecule that, by decreasing the stress response, allows humans to develop the trust in one another necessary for the development of close-knit ties, social institutions, and morality. A major new account of what really makes us moral, Braintrust challenges us to reconsider the origins of some of our most cherished values.Table of contents : Patricia S. Churchland - Braintrust......Page 1Contents......Page 8List of Illustrations......Page 101. Introduction......Page 142. Brain-Based Values......Page 25But Surely Only Humans Are Moral?......Page 363. Caring and Caring For......Page 40Family Values: Belonging and Wanting to Belong......Page 46Mate Attachment......Page 59The Mechanisms of Mate Attachment......Page 61What Else besides Oxytocin?......Page 67Male Parenting......Page 69What Is the Connection between Attachment and Morality?......Page 724. Cooperating and Trusting......Page 76What Exactly Is Cooperation in Mammals?......Page 78Cooperation in Mammals: A Few Examples......Page 81Trust and Oxytocin: What Do We Know about Its Effects on Humans?......Page 84Punishment and Cooperativity......Page 94The Effect of Social Tension on Cooperativity......Page 99Evolution and Human Cooperation......Page 1025. Networking: Genes, Brains, and Behavior......Page 108Genetic Networks......Page 110Innate Moral Principles and Innate Moral Foundations......Page 116Jonathan Haidt and Moral Foundations......Page 1256. Skills for a Social Life......Page 131Social Knowledge, Social Learning, Social Decision-Making......Page 140Acquiring a Conscience......Page 143Attributing Mental States to Self and Others......Page 145Mirror Neurons and Mental Attribution (Theory of Mind)......Page 148Humans, Intentions, and Mirror Neurons......Page 158Mirroring and Empathy......Page 160Imitation and “Mirror Neurons”......Page 166Theory of Mind, Autism, and Mirror Neurons......Page 167Imitation, Unconscious Mimicry, and Social Capacities......Page 1697. Not as a Rule......Page 176Kant and His Categorical Imperative......Page 186Consequentialism and Maximizing Utility......Page 188Facts about Rule Use......Page 194Normativity and the Moral “Ought”......Page 198The Naturalistic Fallacy......Page 199Conscience and Morality......Page 204Morality and Religion......Page 207Does This Mean Morality Is an Illusion?......Page 212Morality, Trust, and Cultural Niche Construction......Page 2141. Introduction......Page 2182. Brain-Based Values......Page 2203. Caring and Caring For......Page 2224. Cooperating and Trusting......Page 2285. Networking......Page 2326. Skills for a Social Life......Page 2367. Not as a Rule......Page 2438. Religion and Morality......Page 246Bibliography......Page 248Acknowledgments......Page 272Index......Page 274