دانلود کتاب Nuclear and Radiochemistry

The field of nuclear and radiochemistry is wide-reaching, with results having functions and use across a variety of disciplines. Drawing on 40 years of experience in teaching and research, this concise book explains the basic principles and applications of the primary areas of nuclear and radiochemistry. Separate chapters cover each main area of recent radiochemistry. This includes nuclear medicine and chemical aspects of nuclear power plants, namely the problems of nuclear wastes and nuclear analysis (both bulk and surface analysis), with the analytical methods based on the interactions of radiation with matter. Furthermore, special attention is paid to thermodynamics of radioisotope tracer methods, the very diluted system (carrier-free radioactive isotopes) and the principles of chemical processes with unsealed radioactive sources. This book will be helpful to students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental sciences, and specialists working in all fields of radiochemistry.Basic concepts are introduced and practical applications explained, providing a full view of the subject.Laboratory work with unsealed radiochemicals is discussed in details that can be applied in research and authority in the lab environment.This concise book explains the basic principles and applications of the primary areas of nuclear and radiochemistry. Separate chapters cover each main area of recent radiochemistry. This includes nuclear medicine and chemical aspects of nuclear power plants, namely the problems of nuclear wastes and nuclear analysis (both bulk and surface analysis), with the analytical methods based on the interactions of radiation with matter. Special attention is paid to thermodynamics of radioisotope tracer methods, the very diluted system (carrier-free radioactive isotopes) and the principles of chemical processes with unsealed radioactive sources.This book will be helpful to students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental sciences, and specialists working in all fields of radiochemistry.• Basic concepts are introduced and practical applications explained, providing a full view of the subject.• Laboratory work with unsealed radiochemicals is discussed in details that can be applied in research and authority in the lab environment.Contents1 Introduction2 Basic concepts2.1 Atomic nuclei2.2 Forces in nucleus2.3 Other properties of nuclei2.4 Elementary particles2.5 Models of nuclei3 Isotopes3.1. Isotopic effects3.2 Separation of isotopes3.3 Isotope composition in the Nature3.4 Study of geological formations and processes by stable isotope ratios4 Radioactive decay4.1 Kinetics of radioactive decay4.2 Radioactive decay series4.3. Radioactive dating4.4 Mechanism of radioactive decay5 Interaction of radiation with matter5.1 Basic concepts5.2 Interaction of alpha particles with matter5.3 Interaction of beta radiation with matter5.4 Interaction of y-radiation with matter5.5 Interaction of neutrons with matter6 Nuclear reactions6.1 Kinetics of nuclear reactions6.2 Classification of nuclear reactions6.3 General scheme of radionuclide production by nuclear reactions and radioactive decay6.4 Chemical effects of nuclear reactions7 Nuclear energy production7.1. Nuclear power plants7.2 Accidents in nuclear power plants7.3 Storage and treatment of spent fuel and other radioactive waste7.4 New trends in nuclear energy production7.5 Nuclear weapons8 Radioactive tracer methods8.1 History of radioactive tracer methods8.2 Basic concepts8.3. Selection of tracer8.4. Position of labeling atom in molecule8.5 General methods for preparation of radioactive tracers8.6 Radioactive isotopes in tracer methods8.7 Main steps of the production of unsealed radioactive preparations8.8 Production of encapsulated radioactive preparations (sealed sources)9 Physico-chemical application of radiotracer methods9.1 Thermodynamic concept of classification (distribution of radioactive and stable isotopes)9.2 Classification of tracer methods9.3Physico-chemical applications of tracer methods10 Nuclear analysis10.1 Radioactive isotopes as tracers10.2 Nuclear analytical methods using the interaction of radiation with matter11 Industrial application of radioisotopes (Lajos Baranyai)11.1 Tracer investigations with open radioisotopes11.2 Absorption and scattering measurements with sealed radioactive sources12 An Introduction to Nuclear Medicine (József Varga)12.1 Fields of nuclear medicine12.2 Role and aspects of applying radiotracers in medicine12.3 In vitro diagnostics with radioisotopes12.4 Radionuclide imaging12.5 Some examples of gamma camera imaging procedures12.6 Positronemission tomography13 Environmental radioactivity13.1 Natural radioactive isotopes13.2 Anthropogenic radioactive isotopes13.3. Occurrence of radioactive isotopes in the environment13.4. Biological effects of radiation14 Detection and measurement of radioactivity14.1 Gas-filled tubes14.2 Scintillation detectors14.3 Semiconductor detectors14.4 Electric circuits connected to detectors14.5 Track and other detectors14.6 Absolute measurement of decompositions14.7 Statistics of radioactive decay