دانلود کتاب Madrasa Reforms and Perspectives : Islamic Tertiary Education in Pakistan

The Pakistani madrasa curriculum remains virtually unchanged. The government blamesmadrasa authorities for the failure of its reforms. However, these reforms were prepared inhaste by government officials with little understanding of traditional education, and withoutany input from the madrasa ulama. The ulama’s opposition to these reforms was then usedby the government to excuse its lack of commitment. Madrasa curriculum may be said tohave played a role in creating an environment that encourages hostile or, at least, negativeattitudes toward the “other.” However, to claim that there is a direct causal relationshipbetween madrasa education, on the one hand, and anti-Americanism or anti-Westernism,on the other, is, at best, a tenuous proposition. Madrasa education per se is entirely devoidof political content. With the same curriculum, madrasa students were never shown tobe anti-American until the 1990s. Furthermore, anti-Americanism is not something thatis exclusively confined to the madrasas or, for that matter, to Muslims alone. The Bushadministration’s policies in the Middle East; the U.S. invasion and occupation of Afghanistanand Iraq; the scandals of Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay; the widely-reported storiesof torture and “extraordinary renditions;” and the general perception that the “global waron terror” is primarily directed against Muslims have all irreparably damaged the moralstanding of the United States in the eyes of Muslims. There is now a great deal of pessimismamong the madrasa ulama who largely feel that the situation will not “change for the better.”Given their highly negative and hostile views of America, it is no wonder that 76 percentof madrasa students and teachers questioned believe that “waging jihad against America”is justified. [C:UsersMicrosoftDocumentsCalibre Library]