دانلود کتاب The dynamics of correlated novelties

Novelties are a familiar part of daily life. They are also fundamental to the evolution of biological systems,human society, and technology. By opening new possibilities, one novelty can pave the way for others in aprocess that Kauffman has called ‘‘expanding the adjacent possible’’. The dynamics of correlated novelties,however, have yet to be quantified empirically or modeled mathematically. Here we propose a simplemathematical model that mimics the process of exploring a physical, biological, or conceptual space thatenlarges whenever a novelty occurs. The model, a generalization of Polya’s urn, predicts statistical laws forthe rate at which novelties happen (Heaps’ law) and for the probability distribution on the space explored(Zipf’s law), as well as signatures of the process by which one novelty sets the stage for another. We test these predictions on four data sets of human activity: the edit events of Wikipedia pages, the emergence of tags in annotation systems, the sequence of words in texts, and listening to new songs in online music catalogues. By quantifying the dynamics of correlated novelties, our results provide a starting point for a deeper understanding of the adjacent possible and its role in biological, cultural, and technological evolution