دانلود کتاب How to be a Quantitative Ecologist: The ‘A to R’ of Green Mathematics and Statistics

Ecological research is becoming increasingly quantitative, yet students often opt out of courses in mathematics and statistics, unwittingly limiting their ability to carry out research in the future. This textbook provides a practical introduction to quantitative ecology for students and practitioners who have realised that they need this opportunity. The text is addressed to readers who haven't used mathematics since school, who were perhaps more confused than enlightened by their undergraduate lectures in statistics and who have never used a computer for much more than word processing and data entry. From this starting point, it slowly but surely instils an understanding of mathematics, statistics and programming, sufficient for initiating research in ecology. The book’s practical value is enhanced by extensive use of biological examples and the computer language R for graphics, programming and data analysis. Key Features: Provides a complete introduction to mathematics statistics and computing for ecologists. Presents a wealth of ecological examples demonstrating the applied relevance of abstract mathematical concepts, showing how a little technique can go a long way in answering interesting ecological questions. Covers elementary topics, including the rules of algebra, logarithms, geometry, calculus, descriptive statistics, probability, hypothesis testing and linear regression. Explores more advanced topics including fractals, non-linear dynamical systems, likelihood and Bayesian estimation, generalised linear, mixed and additive models, and multivariate statistics. R boxes provide step-by-step recipes for implementing the graphical and numerical techniques outlined in each section. How to be a Quantitative Ecologist provides a comprehensive introduction to mathematics, statistics and computing and is the ideal textbook for late undergraduate and postgraduate courses in environmental biology. "With a book like this, there is no excuse for people to be afraid of maths, and to be ignorant of what it can do." —Professor Tim Benton, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UKContent: Chapter 1 How to Make Mathematical Statements (pages 15–65): Chapter 2 How to Describe Regular Shapes and Patterns (pages 67–106): Chapter 3 How to Change Things, One Step at a Time (pages 107–136): Chapter 4 How to Change Things, Continuously (pages 137–175): Chapter 5 How to Work with Accumulated Change (pages 177–212): Chapter 6 How to Keep Stuff Organised in Tables (pages 213–250): Chapter 7 How to Visualise and Summarise Data (pages 251–277): Chapter 8 How to Put a Value on Uncertainty (pages 279–297): Chapter 9 How to Identify Different Kinds of Randomness (pages 299–344): Chapter 10 How to See the Forest from the Trees (pages 345–380): Chapter 11 How to Separate the Signal from the Noise (pages 381–423): Chapter 12 How to Measure Similarity (pages 425–440):