Content: CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS: NATURAL HISTORY, HISTOPATHOLOGY Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Carotid Artery Disease, M.R. Jaff Histopathology of Carotid Stenosis: Correlation Between the Types of Plaque and the Risks of Neurological Complications, R. Virmani, A.P. Burke, F.D. Kolodgie, and A. Farb SUPRA-AORTIC ARTERIES: ANATOMY, RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Supra-Aortic Vessels, N.N. Khanna Angiographic Anatomy of the Craniocervical Arterial System, M. Palmesino, T. Somon, A. Mehdizade, J.B. Martin, A. Kelekis, S. Wetzel, J. Delavelle, K. Lovblad, and DA Rufenacht What You Really Need to Know about the Intracerebral Circulation: The Importance of Collateral Circulation Assessment, T. Somon, A. Mehdizade, M. Palmesino, A. Kelekis, J.B. Martin, S. Wetzel, J. Delavelle, K. Lovblad, and D.A. Rufenacht IMAGING TECHNIQUES Geometric effects of carotid stents, J. Berkefeld, J.B. Martin, N. Tanaka, J. Theron, S. Rohde, and D.A. Rufenacht Imaging of the Carotid Arteries, A. Al-Kutoubi Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomographic Brain Scans for Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting, K.A. Stringaris and T.G. Vrachliotis Doppler Ultrasound and Carotid Angioplasty: Carotid Ultrasonography and Transcranial Doppler, S. Kownator and F. Luizy The Value of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography Before, During and After Surgery for Carotid Occlusive Disease, N.M. Bornstein and A.Y. Gur Transcranial Doppler Monitoring for Emboli During Carotid Artery Stenting, N. Al-Mubarak Methods for the Evaluation of Carotid Stenosis, I. Henry and M. Henry Ultrasonic Carotid Plaque Characterization, A.N. Nicolaides, S.K. Kakkos, M.M. Sabetai, M. Griffin, G. Geroulakos, and T. Tegos Plaque Structure and Clinical Events: Determining Which Lesions can be Stented and the Risk of Emboli, J. Fernandes e Fernandes and L. Mendes Pedro Importance of Carotid Plaque Characterization Before Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: The ICAROS Study, G.M. Biasi, P. Mingazzini, A. Froio, and G. Deleo Role of Intravascular Ultrasound in Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting, K. Irshad, D. Bain, P.H. Miller, R. Velu, A.W. Reid, and D.B. Reid CLINICAL ASSESSMENT Neurological and Neuropsychological Evaluation Before and After Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting, E. Balaguer, M. Delgado, L. Soler, T. Sola, E. Vivas, J. Theron, and L. Guimaraens Cardiac Assessment in Patients with Carotid Artery Disease, A. Polydorou CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS: SURGERY Is Carotid Surgery Still the Gold Standard in Carotid Intervention? D. Kiskinis and I. Velissaris The Benefits of Carotid Endarterectomy for Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients as Proven in Prospective Randomized Trials, W.S. Moore High-Risk Carotid Endarterectomy Patients: Identifying an Appropriate Population for Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting, K. Ouriel Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: Clinical Experience and Role of Clinical Trials, B.K. Lal, E.Y. Chakhtoura, and R.W. Hobson II Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: Current Clinical Trials and Value of Randomized Trials, M.H. Wholey, C.R. Jarmolowski, M. Wholey, and G.R. Eles CAVATAS: What Have We Learnt? L. Coward and M.M. Brown A Prospective Registry of Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting, K. Mathias, W. Theiss, and P. Hermanek INDICATIONS FOR CAROTID ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTING Candidates for Carotid Revascularization, M.R. Jaff Indications and Contraindications for Carotid Stenting, E.B. Diethrich Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis, R.S. Wadia and S. Dharia Identification of Patients at Risk for Periprocedural Neurological Deficits Associated with Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting, A. Mathur Interventional Treatment of Carotid Artery Dissection, E.B. Diethrich Management of Concomittant Coronary and Carotid Disease, R. Salwan and A. Seth In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: Incidence and Management, E.Y. Chakhtoura, R.W. Hobson II, B.K. Lal, and J.E. Goldstein Angioplasty and Stenting in Non-Acute Occlusions of the Internal Carotid Artery, L. Guimaraens, T. Sola, E. Balaguer, E. Vivas, L. Soler, M. Delgado, M. Cobelli, C. Ribeiro, C. Castellanos, H. Sablotni, Ll Miquel, and J. Theron Extracranial Carotid Aneurysm: Interventional Treatment, L. Inglese and E. Calabrese Carotid Stenting for Stroke Complicating Carotid Endarterectomy, F. Liistro and A. Colombo TECHNIQUE DEVICES Practical Guide to Current Practice of Carotid Angioplasty, M. Henry Carotid Access Techniques: An Algorithmic Approach, S. Myla Strategies of Success for Difficult-to-Access Carotid Arteries, N. Al-Mubarak and J.J. Vitek Equipment Required for Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: Tips and Tricks, H.F. Londero and F.E. Paoletti Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Under Cerebral Protection, M. Henry, I. Henry, A. Polydorou, Ad Polydorou, and M. Hugel Different Cerebral Protection Devices, A. Polydorou, I. M. Henry, Ad Polydorou, and P. Megaloekonomos Various in vitro Models for the Analysis of Cerebral Protection Devices, T. Ohki and F.J. Veith Dark Side of Distal Protection Devices, T. Ohki Cerebral Protection: Can Only the Poststenting Dilatation Phase be Protected? F. Castriota, R. Manetti, A. Liso, K. Oshola, E. Ricci, G. Balestra, and A Cremonesi Defining and Minimizing the Risk of Complications During Carotid Artery Interventions, R.S. Dieter and J.R. Laird Avoidance and Management of Complications in Cervical Carotid Revascularization, L.R. Guterman Optimizing the Outcome of Carotid Stenting: Which Stent, Technique, and Drug? T.A. Ischinger Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: Indications for Covered Stents, L. Inglese and E. Calabrese Carotid Stents: An Engineering Viewpoint, N. Frid and P. Gruffaz MEDICAL TREATMENT Prevention of Ischaemic Stroke, A. Mathur Carotid Artery Disease in India, P.C. Rath and G. Lakshmi Carotid Stenosis: Medical Treatment, G.I. Pandele Risk Factors Modification and Stroke Prevention, A. Polydorou CLINICAL RESULTS Immediate and Late Clinical Outcomes of Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting in Patients with Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Five-Year Prospective Analysis, G.S. Roubin, G. New, S.S. Iyer, J.J. Vitek, N. Al-Mubarak, M.W. Liu, J. Yadav, C.Gomez, and R.E. Kuntz In Search of the Perfect Carotid Stent: Long-Term Follow-Up Comparing Balloon-Mounted and Self-Expanding Stents, M.H. Wholey, M.H. Wholey, W.A. Tan, G. Eles, C. Jarmolowski, and S. Cho Cervical Carotid Artery Stent Placement: Review of Current Status and Trends, M.H. Wholey, B. Toursarkissian, and H. Ferral Carotid Angioplasty Under Cerebral Protection with the PercuSurge GuardWire Device, M. Henry, A. Polydorou, I. Henry, Ad. Polydorou, and M. Hugel Angioplasty and Stenting of Carotid and Supra-Aortic Trunks Using the NeuroShield Filter: Description and First Results, S. Macdonald and P.A. Gaines The AngioGuard XP Emboli Capture Guidewire System, M. Henry The Use of the Spider Embolic Protection Device in the Endovascular Treatment of Carotid Artery Stenosis, P. Peeters and M. Bosiers Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting with the MSD Filter, C. Schonholz, E. Mendaro, and H. D'Agostino Trap Filter: Description and Clinical Results, A. Cremonesi, R. Manetti, G. Balestra, A. Liso, E. Ricci, K. Oshoala, and F. Castriota Parodi Antiembolization System: Description and First Results, J. Parodi, M.C. Bates, and C.J. Schonholz Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting with Cerebral Protection, G. Stankovic and A. Colombo Updated Review of the Global Carotid Artery Stent Registry, M.H. Wholey and N. Al-Mubarek Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: The EUROCAST Registry, M.R.H.M. van Sambeek Management of Neurological Complications from Carotid Artery Stent Placement, M.H. Wholey and M.H. Wholey Endovascular Therapy for Acute Stroke, L.R. Guterman Stent-Assisted Revascularization for the Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease, P. Lylyk and J.E. Cohen Elective Endovascular Revascularization of the Intracranial Cerebral Arteries, H.C. Schumacher, P.M. Meyers, B. Bateman, and R.T. Higashida Intracranial Stents, L. Guimaraens, T. Sola, E. Vivas, M. Bedriniana, A. Casasco, J. Theron, L. Soler, and E. Balaguer The Stroke Unit, P. Lylyk and J.F. Vila OTHER SUPRA-AORTIC OCCLUSIVE ARTERIAL DISEASES: ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT Intracranial Stenting for Cerebrovascular Pathology, EI. Levy, A.S. Boulos, B.R. Bendok, S.H. Kim, AI. Qureshi, L.R. Guterman, and L.N. Hopkins Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty of the Subclavian Arteries, M. Henry, I. Henry, C. Klonaris, and M. Hugel Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Stenting of Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenosis, M. Henry, I. Henry, C. Klonaris, and M. Hugel Inflammatory Arteritis in Supra-Aortic Vessels: Endovascular Treatment, S. Rajagopal Index