دانلود کتاب Organic Chemistry As a Second Language: Second Semester Topics

Readers continue to turn to Klein because it enables them to better understand fundamental principles, solve problems, and focus on what they need to know to succeed. The third edition explores the major principles in the field and explains why they are relevant. It is written in a way that clearly shows the patterns in organic chemistry so that readers can gain a deeper conceptual understanding of the material. Topics are presented clearly in an accessible writing style along with numerous of hands-on problem solving exercises.ToCCHAPTER 1 IR SPECTROSCOPY 11.1 Vibrational Excitation 21.2 IR Spectra 31.3 Wavenumber 41.4 Signal Intensity 91.5 Signal Shape 111.6 Analyzing an IR Spectrum 19CHAPTER 2 NMR SPECTROSCOPY 262.1 Chemical Equivalence 262.2 Chemical Shift (Benchmark Values) 302.3 Integration 352.4 Multiplicity 392.5 Pattern Recognition 412.6 Complex Splitting 432.7 No Splitting 442.8 Hydrogen Deficiency Index (Degrees of Unsaturation) 462.9 Analyzing a Proton NMR Spectrum 492.10 13C NMR Spectroscopy 53CHAPTER 3 ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 563.1 Halogenation and the Role of Lewis Acids 573.2 Nitration 613.3 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation 643.4 Sulfonation 723.5 Activation and Deactivation 763.6 Directing Effects 783.7 Identifying Activators and Deactivators 883.8 Predicting and Exploiting Steric Effects 983.9 Synthesis Strategies 106CHAPTER 4 NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 1124.1 Criteria for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 1124.2 SNAr Mechanism 1154.3 Elimination-Addition 1214.4 Mechanism Strategies 126CHAPTER 5 KETONES AND ALDEHYDES 1295.1 Preparation of Ketones and Aldehydes 1295.2 Stability and Reactivity of C¨O Bonds 1335.3 H-Nucleophiles 1355.4 O-Nucleophiles 1405.5 S-Nucleophiles 1535.6 N-Nucleophiles 1555.7 C-Nucleophiles 1655.8 Some Important Exceptions to the Rule 1755.9 How to Approach Synthesis Problems 180CHAPTER 6 CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES 1876.1 Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 1876.2 General Rules 1886.3 Acid Halides 1926.4 Acid Anhydrides 2016.5 Esters 2036.6 Amides and Nitriles 2136.7 Synthesis Problems 222CHAPTER 7 ENOLS AND ENOLATES 2317.1 Alpha Protons 2317.2 Keto-Enol Tautomerism 2337.3 Reactions Involving Enols 2387.4 Making Enolates 2417.5 Haloform Reaction 2447.6 Alkylation of Enolates 2477.7 Aldol Reactions 2527.8 Claisen Condensation 2597.9 Decarboxylation 2667.10 Michael Reactions 273CHAPTER 8 AMINES 2818.1 Nucleophilicity and Basicity of Amines 2818.2 Preparation of Amines through SN2 Reactions 2838.3 Preparation of Amines through Reductive Amination 2878.4 Acylation of Amines 2918.5 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid 2958.6 Aromatic Diazonium Salts 298Answer Key 301Index 345