دانلود کتاب Designing for situation awareness : an approach to user-centered design

"Liberally illustrated with actual design examples, this book demonstrates how people acquire and interpret information and examines the factors that undermine this process. The first edition successfully filled a significant gap in the market, presenting a core set of principles and a methodology for engineers and designers who are seeking to nourish the situation awareness of their system's users. The second edition significantly expands and updates the examples throughout to include wider range of domains and increases the coverage of SA design principles and guidelines to include new areas of current development. It translates current research into a usable, applicable method and guidelines"--"Preface Our Age of Anxiety is, in great part, the result of trying to do today's jobs with yesterday's tools. Marshall McLuhan While a clear understanding of one's situation is undoubtedly the critical trigger that allows the knowledge, skills, and creativity of the human mind to be successfully brought to bear in shaping our environment, very often people must work uphill, against systems and technologies that block rather than enhance their ability to ascertain the information they need. Knowledge in a vacuum is meaningless. Its use in overcoming human problems and achieving human goals requires the successful application of that knowledge in ways that are contextually appropriate. Yet, across a wide variety of engineered systems, people face an ever-widening information gap--the gulf between the data that is available and the information that they really need to know. This book addresses the information gap through system design. It presents a core set of principles and a methodology for engineers and designers who are seeking to nourish the situation awareness of their system's users. Operators of power plants, aircraft, automobiles, ships, command and control centers for military and large-scale commercial enterprises, intelligence operations, medical systems, and information management systems are all in need of technologies that allow people to effectively manage the information available to gain a high level of understanding of what is happening. They need systems designed to support situation awareness. We are indebted to many people. First, we are grateful for the support and patience of our families during the writing of this book--may it lead to a better world for our children"-- Read more... Content: Understanding Situation Awareness in System Design User-Centered Design Who Is This Book For? Why Do We Need User-Centered Design? What Does User-Centered Design Mean? Principles for User-Centered Design Situation Awareness: The Key to User-Centered Design What Is Situation Awareness? SA Defined Time as a Part of SA Situation Awareness as a Product of the Process Perception and Attention Working Memory Mental Models, Schema, and Scripts Goals and SA Expectations Automaticity and SA Summary SA Demons: The Enemies of Situation Awareness Attentional Tunneling Requisite Memory Trap Workload, Anxiety, Fatigue, and Other Stressors Data Overload Misplaced Salience Complexity Creep Errant Mental Models Out-of-the-Loop Syndrome Summary Design Process Systems Development Life Cycle User Interface Design Process Situation Awareness-Oriented Design Creating Situation Awareness-Oriented Designs Determining SA Requirements Goal-Directed Task Analysis Methodology Overview Interviews Determining the Preliminary Goal Structure Future Interviews Interview Issues Organizational Tips GDTA Validation Principles of Designing for SA From Theory to Design Case Study: SA-Oriented Design Confidence and Uncertainty in SA and Decision Making Uncertainty Types and Sources of Uncertainty Role of Confidence in Linking SA and Decision Making Management of Uncertainty Design Principles for Representing Uncertainty Dealing with Complexity Simplified View of Complexity Design Principles for Taming Complexity Alarms, Diagnosis, and SA An Alarming Practice Processing Alarms in the Context of SA Principles for the Design of Alarm Systems Automation and Situation Awareness Automation: A Help or a Hindrance? Out-of-the-Loop Syndrome Automation and Level of Understanding Decision Support Dilemma New Approaches to Automation Principles for Designing Automated Systems Designing to Support SA for Multiple and Distributed Operators Team Operations SA in Teams What Is Shared SA? Critical Factors Affecting SA in Teams SA in Distributed Teams SA Breakdowns in Teams Design Principles for Supporting Team Operations Unmanned and Remotely Operated Vehicles Unmanned Vehicles for Many Uses Classes of Unmanned Vehicle Control Human Error in Unmanned Vehicle Operations Situation Awareness Requirements for Unmanned Vehicle Operations Challenges for SA in Remote Operations Factors for Effective Design of Unmanned Vehicle Tasks and Systems Summary SA Oriented Training Need for Training to Enhance SA Challenges for Novices Mental Models Form a Key Mechanism for Expertise Schema of Prototypical Situations or Patterns Critical Skills for SA Examples of SA Deficits in Novices Training Approaches for Improving Situation Awareness Summary Completing the Design Cycle Evaluating Design Concepts for SA Indirect Measures of Situation Awareness Direct Measures of Situation Awareness Measuring Team SA Case Study Summary Applying SA-Oriented Design to Complex Systems Combating the Enemies of Situation Awareness SA-Oriented Design Synergy System Evaluation Future Directions Appendix A: Goal-Directed Task Analysis for Commercial Airline Pilots References Index Abstract: Offers a core set of principles and a methodology for engineers and designers who are seeking to nourish the situation awareness (SA) of their system's users. This book includes wider range of domains and increases the coverage of SA design principles. Read more...