دانلود کتاب Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling

Machine generated contents note: Preface, Third Edition -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Physical and Mathematical Models -- 1.2 Models as a Management Tool -- 1.3 Models as a Scientific Tool -- 1.4 Models and Holism -- 1.5 The Ecosystem as an Object for Research -- 1.6 Outline of the Book -- 1.7 The Development of Ecological and Environmental Models -- 1.8 State of the Art in the Application of Models -- 2. Concepts of Modelling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Modelling Elements -- 2.3 The Modelling Procedure -- 2.4 Types of Model -- 2.5 Selection of Model Type -- 2.6 Selection of Model Complexity and Structure -- 2.7 Verification -- 2.8 Sensitivity Analysis -- 2.9 Parameter Estimation -- 2.10 Validation -- 2.11 Ecological Modelling and Quantum Theory -- 2.12 Modelling Constraints -- Problems -- 3. Ecological Processes -- 3A.1 Space and Time Resolution -- 3A.2 Mass Transport -- 3A.3 Mass Balance -- 3A.4 Energetic Factors -- 3A.5 Settling and Resuspension -- 3B.1 Chemical Reactions -- 3B.2 Chemical Equilibrium. -- 3B.3 Hydrolysis -- 3B.4 Redox -- 3B.5 Acid-Base -- 3B.6 Adsorption and Ion Exchange -- 3B.7 Volatilization -- 3C.1 Biogeochemical Cycles in Aquatic Environments -- 3C.2 Photosynthesis -- 3C.3 Algal Growth -- 3C.4 Zooplankton Growth -- 3C.5 Fish Growth -- 3C.6 Single Population Growth -- 3C.7 Ecotoxicological Processes -- Problems -- 4. Conceptual Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Application of Conceptual Diagrams -- 4.3 Types of Conceptual Diagrams -- 4.4. The Conceptual Diagram as Modelling Tool -- Problems -- 5. Static Models -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Network Models -- 5.3 Network Analysis -- 5.4 ECOPATH Software -- 5.5 Response Models -- 6. Modelling Population Dynamics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Concepts -- 6.3 Growth Models in Population Dynamics -- 6.4 Interaction between Populations -- 6.4 Matrix Models -- Problems -- 7. Dynamic Biogeochemical Models -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Application of Dynamic Models -- 7.3 Eutrophication Models I: Overview and Two Simple Eutrophication -- Models -- 7.4 Eutrophication Models II: A Complex Eutrophication Model -- 7.5 A Wetland Model -- Problems -- 8. Ecotoxicological Models -- 8.1 Classification and Application of Ecotoxicological Models -- 8.2 Environmental Risk Assessment -- 8.3 Characteristics and Structure of Ecotoxicological Models -- 8.4 An Overview: The Application of Models in Ecotoxicology -- 8.5 Estimation of Ecotoxicological Parameters -- 8.6 Ecotoxicological Case Study I: Modelling the Distribution of Chromii -- in a Danish Fjord -- 8.7 Ecotoxicological Case Study II: Contamination of Agricultural Produi -- by Cadmium and Lead -- 8.8 Ecotoxicological Case Study III: A Mercury Model for Mex Bay, -- Alexandria -- 8.9 Fugacity Fate Models -- Problems -- 9. Recent Developments in Ecological and Environmental Modelling -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ecosystem Characteristics -- 9.3 Structurally Dynamic Models -- 9.4 Four Illustrative Structurally Dynamic Case Studies -- 9.5 Application of Chaos Theory in Modelling -- 9.6 Application of Catastrophe Theory in Ecological Modelling -- 9.7 New Approaches in Modelling Techniques -- Problems -- Appendix 1. Mathematical Tools -- A.1 Vectors -- A.2 Matrices -- A.3 Square Matrices. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors -- A.4 Differential Equations -- A.5 Systems of Differential Equations -- A.6 Numerical Methods -- Appendix 2. Definition of Expressions, Concepts and Indices -- Appendix 3. Parameters for Fugacity Models -- References -- Subject Index