دانلود کتاب A Sociological History of Excretory Experience: Defacatory Manners and Toiletry Technology

This study illustrates how it was the shifting relationships between the aristocracy, bourgeoisie and working classes over several centuries which were greatly responsible for the ways in which we defecate and view human waste in the 21st century. The focus of the book is on the historical development of these factors in Western Europe over the modern period: the nature of excreta; human body's defectatory capacities; acceptable/unacceptable fashions in which defecation can be carried out; and the way in which faeces are disposed of. This final aspect includes the construction of water-based sewer systems and the development of water closets in the 19th and early 20th centuries. These scientific and technological changes were intimately related to changes in the nature of social life, by antagonistic relations between classes at the economic, political and cultural levels.